Blood Tests and Their Interpretations
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range for fasting plasma glucose tests?

4.0--6.0 mmol/L

What blood glucose level indicates diabetes according to the fasting plasma glucose test?

Higher than 7.0 mmol/L

What is the significance of a blood glucose level between 6.0--7.0 mmol/L?

It indicates prediabetes.

What is the normal range for Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) to avoid a diabetes diagnosis?

<p>Less than 6.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) indicate if the result is above 11.1 mmol/L?

<p>It indicates diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does stress affect blood glucose levels during a fasting plasma glucose test?

<p>Stress may elevate blood glucose levels temporarily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood tube is used for Fasting Plasma Glucose Tests?

<p>Grey blood tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medications are known to interfere with fasting plasma glucose test results?

<p>Cortisone, thiazide, and loop diuretics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are natriuretic peptides and why are they significant in diagnosing congestive heart failure?

<p>Natriuretic peptides, such as BNP and ANP, are hormones that help regulate blood pressure and fluid balance, and their levels are significant in diagnosing and categorizing congestive heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two conditions that can result in lower platelet counts, or thrombocytopenia.

<p>Lower platelet counts can result from acute leukemia and systemic lupus erythematosus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) levels?

<p>The normal range for BNP levels is less than 100 mcg/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do BNP levels vary based on demographics such as age and gender?

<p>BNP levels are generally higher in women than in men and increase with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What blood tube is typically used for testing natriuretic peptides?

<p>A lavender blood tube is typically used for testing natriuretic peptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one interfering factor that can affect the results of PT testing.

<p>Prolonged PT can be caused by treatment with blood-thinning medications such as warfarin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a condition associated with higher platelet counts, or thrombocytosis.

<p>Polycythemia vera is an example of a condition associated with higher platelet counts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring White Blood Cell Count (WBC)?

<p>The White Blood Cell Count measures the immune system's response and helps identify infections or blood disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for erythrocyte count in adult males?

<p>4.7--6.1 x 10^12/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dehydration affect the erythrocyte count in a CBC?

<p>Dehydration can lead to an increased erythrocyte count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) above the normal range?

<p>Macrocytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of low hemoglobin (Hgb) levels?

<p>Low hemoglobin indicates chronic blood loss or decreased dietary intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can interfere with myoglobin (Mb) levels in suspects of acute myocardial infarction?

<p>Recent intramuscular injections can increase myoglobin levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a low hematocrit value typically indicate?

<p>A low hematocrit value usually indicates hemorrhage or anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does hydration status play in interpreting CBC results?

<p>Hydration status can significantly influence erythrocyte count and hematocrit readings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can high altitude affect the CBC results?

<p>High altitude can lead to increased erythrocyte counts due to lower oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with higher levels of natriuretic peptides?

<p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for platelet count (thrombocytes)?

<p>150-400 x 10^9/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an interfering factor that can affect BNP levels?

<p>Age and gender variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hematological condition is indicated by thrombocytopenia?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with lower platelet counts?

<p>Hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) levels?

<p>&lt;100 mcg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can prolong Prothrombin Time (PT)?

<p>Treatment with certain blood-thinning medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial indicator of potential cardiac issues based on the WBC count?

<p>WBC counts &gt;20,000 cells/mcL</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is indicated when PTT results exceed 100 seconds?

<p>Deficiency of vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an International Normalized Ratio (INR) value above 1.2 indicate?

<p>Possible anticoagulant therapy issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT known to interfere with fasting plasma glucose test results?

<p>Exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

What result range indicates prediabetes according to the fasting plasma glucose test?

<p>6.0--7.0 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a high level of hemophilia in a patient?

<p>Increased bleeding tendency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test result is NOT utilized to assess coagulation abnormalities?

<p>FBS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance increases the risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

<p>Certain medical conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is likely indicated by a Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) level above 6.9%?

<p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) typically indicate?

<p>Microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can lead to a higher erythrocyte count?

<p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by a mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) level outside the normal range?

<p>Microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is known to interfere with myoglobin (Mb) testing?

<p>Administration of radioactive substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of chronic blood loss in relation to hemoglobin (Hgb) levels?

<p>Decreased Hgb levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hematocrit value indicates a lower volume fraction in males?

<p>0.40</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) indicate?

<p>Polycythemia vera</p> Signup and view all the answers

What variable can most significantly affect the results of a Complete Blood Count (CBC)?

<p>Hydration status</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

  • Normal range: 30-40 seconds (activated partial thromboplastin time, aPTT) or 60-70 seconds (partial thromboplastin time, PTT)
  • Used to monitor the effectiveness of Heparin therapy
  • Critical values:
    • aPTT: >70 seconds
    • PTT: >100 seconds
  • May be used to check other clotting factors or monitor Heparin dose
  • Elevated PTT may indicate:
    • Deficiency of clotting factors I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
    • Hemophilia
    • Heparin therapy
    • Liver disease
    • Low Vitamin K

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

  • Normal range: 0.8-1.2
  • Standardizes prothrombin time test results, regardless of testing methods
  • Used to assess blood clotting ability
  • Elevated INR may indicate:
    • Lack of or low level of one or more blood-clotting factors
    • Lack of vitamin K
    • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FBS)

  • Normal range: 4.0-6.0 mmol/L
  • Screens for diabetes
  • Performed after at least eight hours of fasting
  • Elevated FBS may indicate:
    • Prediabetes (6.0-7.0 mmol/L)
    • Diabetes (>7.0 mmol/L)
  • Low FBS may indicate hypoglycemia

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

  • Used to diagnose diabetes
  • Elevated blood glucose level beyond 11.1 mmol/L indicates diabetes

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c)

  • Normal range: <6.9%
  • Used to monitor long-term blood glucose control
  • Elevated HbA1c above 6.9% indicates diabetes

Natriuretic Peptides: BNP/NP-proBNT42

  • Normal range:
    • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): 22-77 mcg/L
    • Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP): <100 mcg/L
  • Used to diagnose and categorize patients with congestive heart failure (CHF)
  • Elevated levels may indicate:
    • Congestive heart failure
    • Myocardial infarction
    • Systemic hypertension
    • Heart transplant rejection
    • Cor pulmonale

Platelet Count (Thrombocytes)

  • Normal range: 150-400 x 109/L
  • Measures the number of platelets in the blood
  • Often included in CBC when there are signs and symptoms of a bleeding disorder or excessive clotting
  • Decreased platelet count (thrombocytopenia) may indicate:
    • Acute leukemia
    • Hemorrhage
    • Cirrhosis
    • Toxic effect of medications
    • Collagen disorders
    • Systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Iron deficiency
    • Viral infections
  • Increased platelet count (thrombocytosis) may indicate:
    • Acute infections
    • Chemotherapy
    • Chronic pancreatitis
    • Polycythemia vera
    • Post splenectomy

Prothrombin Time (PT)

  • Normal range: 0.8-1.2 (INR)
  • Critical values: >20 seconds (for clients not taking anticoagulants)
  • Used to:
    • Test clotting times
    • Check for bleeding problems
    • Assess the chance of excessive bleeding during surgery
    • Monitor the effectiveness of blood thinners
  • Prolonged PT may be caused by treatment with blood thinners (warfarin and Coumadin, vitamin K), or alcohol
  • Diet high in fat or leafy vegetables may shorten PT times

Complete Blood Count (CBC, Diff)

  • Measures the kinds and numbers of cells in the blood
  • Used to determine general health status and detect a wide range of disorders
  • Components include:
    • Erythrocyte count:
      • Normal range:
        • Male: 4.7-6.1 x 1012/L
        • Female: 4.2-5.4 x 1012/L
      • Decreased count may indicate anemia or post-hemorrhage
      • Increased count may indicate leukemia, dehydration, high altitudes, or polycythemia vera
    • Mean corpuscular volume (MCV):
      • Normal range: 80-95 mm3
      • Decreased MCV may indicate microcytic anemia (iron deficiency) or folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency
      • Increased MCV may indicate macrocytic anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency)
    • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH):
      • Normal range: 27-31 pg
      • Decreased MCH may indicate microcytic anemia
      • Increased MCH may indicate macrocytic anemia
    • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC):
      • Normal range: 320-360 g/L
      • Decreased MCHC may indicate hypochromic anemia
      • Increased MCHC may indicate intravascular hemolysis or spherocytosis

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

  • Normal range:
    • Male: 135-180 g/L
    • Female: 120-160 g/L
  • Measures the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
  • Decreased Hgb may indicate:
    • Chronic blood loss
    • Decreased dietary intake
  • Increased Hgb may indicate:
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • High altitudes
    • Polycythemia

Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

  • Normal range:
    • Male: 0.42-0.52 volume fraction
    • Female: 0.37-0.47 volume fraction
  • Measures the volume of red blood cells as a percentage of the total volume of blood
  • Decreased PCV may indicate:
    • Hemorrhage
    • Anemia
    • Excessive intravenous fluid infusion
  • Increased PCV may indicate:
    • Dehydration
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Congenital Heart Disease

Myoglobin (Mb)

  • Normal range: 1.0-5.3 nmol/L
  • Used in the early evaluation of clients with suspected acute myocardial infarction
  • Also used to diagnose diseases or injuries in skeletal muscles
  • Elevated Mb may indicate:
    • Polymyositis
    • Myocardial infarction
    • Skeletal muscle inflammation (myositis)
    • Malignant hyperthermia
    • Muscular dystrophy
    • Skeletal muscle ischemia/trauma
    • Rhabdomyolysis

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

  • A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that is used to determine the number of different types of blood cells, including erythrocytes, hematocrit, platelets, and white blood cells.
  • The CBC is also used to assess the size, shape, and color of red blood cells (RBCs), which is particularly relevant to diagnoses of anemia.
  • The complete blood count test typically includes RBC count, MCV, MCH, MCHC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet count
  • The CBC is used to both determine general health status and detect a wide range of disorders (e.g., infection, anemia, inflammation, and bleeding disorders).
  • A blood sample is typically drawn from a vein in the arm and collected with a lavender blood tube.

Erythrocyte Count

  • It refers to the number of red blood cells present in the blood.
  • Variations in RBC count are often associated with different conditions.
  • Erythrocyte count values may be higher in individuals at high altitudes, who experience increased erythropoietin levels due to lower oxygen pressure.
  • Lower Erythrocyte count is often seen in conditions such as anemia, post hemorrhage, and dehydration.
  • Higher Erythrocyte count is often seen in conditions such as leukemia, Polycythemia vera, and severe diarrhea.

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

  • MCV represents the average volume of an individual red blood cell.
  • A low MCV indicates smaller than normal red blood cells, a condition known as microcytosis, which is often associated with iron deficiency anemia.
  • A higher MCV indicates larger than normal red blood cells, known as macrocytosis, which can be caused by conditions like vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

  • MCH represents the average amount of hemoglobin contained within an individual red blood cell.
  • MCH values are typically lower in microcytic anemia and higher in macrocytic anemia.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

  • MCHC reflects the concentration of hemoglobin within a red blood cell.
  • A lower MCHC indicates a lower hemoglobin concentration, which is often associated with hypochromic anemia, where the cells are pale in color.
  • An elevated MCHC is often seen in conditions like spherocytosis and intravascular hemolysis.

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

  • Hemoglobin is a protein found within red blood cells and is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs throughout the body, and is crucial for oxygen transport.
  • Hemoglobin levels are typically lower in individuals experiencing chronic blood loss due to conditions like gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • Hemoglobin levels may be higher in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and those living at high altitudes due to chronic hypoxemia.

Hematocrit (Hct)

  • Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume.
  • Hematocrit levels can be influenced by factors such as dehydration and anemia, leading to variations in the percentage of red blood cells.
  • Lower hematocrit levels are frequently observed in patients with anemia or experiencing hemorrhage.
  • Dehydration can actually increase the percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

Myoglobin (Mb)

  • Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle cells that functions as an oxygen storage molecule.
  • Myoglobin levels are typically elevated in conditions associated with muscle damage, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), muscle inflammation (myositis), and rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown).

Natriuretic Peptides, BNP/or NP-proBNT42

  • Natriuretic peptides are hormones produced by the heart in response to increased pressure within the heart chambers.
  • They play a role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance by promoting excretion of sodium and water through the kidneys.
  • BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and NP-proBNT42 are commonly measured as biomarkers for heart failure.
  • Elevated levels of BNP may indicate heart failure, myocardial infarction, systemic hypertension, heart transplant rejection, or cor pulmonale.

Platelet Count (Thrombocytes)

  • Platelets are small cell fragments found in the blood that are essential for blood clotting, and are involved in forming a plug at the site of a blood vessel injury to prevent blood loss.
  • A platelet count measures the number of platelets present in a blood sample.
  • Thrombocytopenia, or low platelet count, is an indication of a bleeding disorder, often caused by conditions like acute leukemia, chemotherapy, chronic pancreatitis, hemorrhage, or cirrhosis.
  • Thrombocytosis indicates an elevated platelet count that can be associated with acute infections, collagen disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, iron deficiency, viral infections, polycythemia vera, or a post-splenectomy state.

White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

  • White blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes, are a part of the immune system and play a crucial role in defending against infections.
  • A white blood cell count measures the number of white blood cells present in a blood sample.

Prothrombin Time (PT)

  • Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood test used to assess the effectiveness of the clotting process.
  • The test involves measuring the time it takes for blood to clot, a process involving a series of clotting factors.
  • PT is especially important in monitoring individuals taking anticoagulants (blood thinners) such as warfarin.

Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

  • Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is another blood test that assesses the clotting process.
  • It measures the time it takes for blood to clot in the presence of an activator that triggers the clotting cascade.
  • PTT is crucial for monitoring individuals taking anticoagulants, such as heparin, to ensure the medication is working appropriately.

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

  • The international normalized ratio (INR) is a standardized measure of the prothrombin time (PT) test.
  • It allows healthcare professionals to compare PT results across different laboratories using a consistent system.

Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FBS)

  • The fasting plasma glucose test (FBS) is conducted after an individual has refrained from eating or drinking for at least eight hours, typically overnight.
  • An FBS test is used to screen for diabetes and is one of the diagnostic tests for diabetes.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

  • The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) involves measuring blood glucose levels at intervals after an individual ingests a concentrated glucose solution.
  • The OGTT is another diagnostic tool for diabetes, as it helps determine how the body processes glucose and identifies potential insulin resistance.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

  • The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to glucose, a measure of long-term glucose control.
  • HbA1c levels are typically higher in individuals with diabetes due to sustained high blood sugar levels., and is a key measure of whether someone is diabetic.
  • HbA1c is commonly used to monitor and manage diabetes.

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Description

Explore the critical ranges and interpretations of partial thromboplastin time (PTT), international normalized ratio (INR), and fasting plasma glucose tests. This quiz will help you understand the clinical significance of these tests and the potential health conditions they reveal. Perfect for students and professionals in the healthcare field.

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