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Questions and Answers
What is the term for a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content?
What is the term for a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content?
- Erythrocytosis
- Leukopenia
- Anemia (correct)
- Thrombocytopenia
Which of the following is a disorder of erythrocyte form?
Which of the following is a disorder of erythrocyte form?
- Hemoblastosis
- Erythrocytopathy (correct)
- Thrombocytopathy
- Leukocytosis
What is the term for an increase in the number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood?
What is the term for an increase in the number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood?
- Leukocytosis (correct)
- Erythrocytosis
- Thrombocytosis
- Leukopenia
Which of the following is a change in blood plasma proteins?
Which of the following is a change in blood plasma proteins?
What is the term for an increase in the number of platelets in the peripheral blood?
What is the term for an increase in the number of platelets in the peripheral blood?
What is the term for a decrease in the number of platelets in the peripheral blood?
What is the term for a decrease in the number of platelets in the peripheral blood?
Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the production of hemoglobin?
Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the production of hemoglobin?
What is the term for a condition where leukocytes acquire qualities of a tumor cell?
What is the term for a condition where leukocytes acquire qualities of a tumor cell?
Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormal decrease in the production of plasma proteins?
Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormal decrease in the production of plasma proteins?
What is the term for a condition where erythrocytes have an abnormal shape?
What is the term for a condition where erythrocytes have an abnormal shape?
Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the production of platelets?
Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the production of platelets?
What is the term for a condition where hemoglobin synthesis is abnormal?
What is the term for a condition where hemoglobin synthesis is abnormal?
What is characterized by a compensatory increase in erythrocytes?
What is characterized by a compensatory increase in erythrocytes?
What is a tumor disease of the blood, one of the forms of chronic myelocytic leukemia?
What is a tumor disease of the blood, one of the forms of chronic myelocytic leukemia?
What is characterized by erythrocytes of different sizes?
What is characterized by erythrocytes of different sizes?
What is characterized by erythrocytes of different forms?
What is characterized by erythrocytes of different forms?
What is characterized by erythrocytes with inclusions of the ring like structure called Jolly's body?
What is characterized by erythrocytes with inclusions of the ring like structure called Jolly's body?
What type of anemia is characterized by a significant violation of the ripening of red blood cells, with no young erythrocytes and reticulocytes in the blood?
What type of anemia is characterized by a significant violation of the ripening of red blood cells, with no young erythrocytes and reticulocytes in the blood?
Which type of anemia is caused by impaired blood formation due to a deficiency of a certain nutrient?
Which type of anemia is caused by impaired blood formation due to a deficiency of a certain nutrient?
What is the term for anemia that is characterized by a decrease in bone marrow function, with a violation of the ripening of erythrocytes, and few young erythrocytes and reticulocytes in the blood?
What is the term for anemia that is characterized by a decrease in bone marrow function, with a violation of the ripening of erythrocytes, and few young erythrocytes and reticulocytes in the blood?
What is the term for anemia that is characterized by a disorder of the morphological and functional state of the bone marrow, reflecting its regenerative capabilities?
What is the term for anemia that is characterized by a disorder of the morphological and functional state of the bone marrow, reflecting its regenerative capabilities?
What characterizes aplastic anemia?
What characterizes aplastic anemia?
What is the term for anemia characterized by a decrease in bone marrow function, with a violation of the ripening of erythrocytes, and few young erythrocytes and reticulocytes in the blood?
What is the term for anemia characterized by a decrease in bone marrow function, with a violation of the ripening of erythrocytes, and few young erythrocytes and reticulocytes in the blood?
What is the term for anemia divided into two categories based on its duration?
What is the term for anemia divided into two categories based on its duration?
What is a characteristic sign of posthemorrhagic anemia?
What is a characteristic sign of posthemorrhagic anemia?
What occurs when the loss of blood exceeds the regenerative capacity of the bone marrow?
What occurs when the loss of blood exceeds the regenerative capacity of the bone marrow?
What is a sign of regeneration of red blood cells?
What is a sign of regeneration of red blood cells?
What is a characteristic feature of hemolytic anemia?
What is a characteristic feature of hemolytic anemia?
What is the result of restoration of the volume of plasma after acute blood loss?
What is the result of restoration of the volume of plasma after acute blood loss?
What is the basis for classification of hemolytic anemia?
What is the basis for classification of hemolytic anemia?
What is the term for defects of the plasmolemma of erythrocytes?
What is the term for defects of the plasmolemma of erythrocytes?
What is the term for enzymatic disorders of erythrocytes?
What is the term for enzymatic disorders of erythrocytes?
Which of the following is an example of a disturbance of hemoglobin synthesis?
Which of the following is an example of a disturbance of hemoglobin synthesis?
What is the term for a reduction of synthesis of globin chains?
What is the term for a reduction of synthesis of globin chains?
What is the term for a type of acquired anemia?
What is the term for a type of acquired anemia?
What is the mechanism underlying anemia in autoimmune diseases?
What is the mechanism underlying anemia in autoimmune diseases?
Which type of anemia is characterized by a violation of heme synthesis?
Which type of anemia is characterized by a violation of heme synthesis?
What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the metabolism of iron?
What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the metabolism of iron?
What is the term for anemia characterized by a disruption of DNA synthesis?
What is the term for anemia characterized by a disruption of DNA synthesis?
What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the synthesis of globin?
What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the synthesis of globin?
Which type of anemia is characterized by the presence of erythrocytes with remnants of the nucleus?
Which type of anemia is characterized by the presence of erythrocytes with remnants of the nucleus?
What is the primary mechanism of anemia in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
What is the primary mechanism of anemia in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
What is the characteristic feature of anemia in renal insufficiency?
What is the characteristic feature of anemia in renal insufficiency?
What is the primary mechanism of anemia in microangiopathic anemia?
What is the primary mechanism of anemia in microangiopathic anemia?
What is the characteristic feature of anemia in endocrine disorders?
What is the characteristic feature of anemia in endocrine disorders?
What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the metabolism of iron?
What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the metabolism of iron?
What is the characteristic feature of erythrocytes in megaloblastic anemia?
What is the characteristic feature of erythrocytes in megaloblastic anemia?
What is the primary mechanism of anemia in hemolytic disease of newborns?
What is the primary mechanism of anemia in hemolytic disease of newborns?
What is the characteristic feature of anemia in hyperplenism?
What is the characteristic feature of anemia in hyperplenism?
What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the synthesis of globin?
What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the synthesis of globin?
What is the characteristic feature of erythrocytes in poikilocytosis?
What is the characteristic feature of erythrocytes in poikilocytosis?
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Study Notes
Red Blood Cell System Changes
- Anemia: a decrease in hemoglobin content and erythrocyte count
- True polycythemia (erythremia): an increase in hemoglobin content and erythrocyte count
- Erythrocytopathy: a disorder in erythrocyte form, such as microspherocytosis and ovalocytosis
- Hemoglobinopathies (hemoglobinoses): a disorder in hemoglobin synthesis, including thalassemia and sickle cell anemia
White Blood Cell System Changes
- Leukocytosis: an increase in the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood
- Leukopenia: a decrease in the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood
- Hemoblastosis: leukocytes acquiring qualities of a tumor cell
Platelet Changes
- Thrombocytosis: an increase in the number of platelets in peripheral blood
- Thrombocytopenia: a decrease in the number of platelets in peripheral blood
- Thrombocytopathy: a change in the quality of platelets
Blood Plasma Changes
- Hyperproteinemia: an increase in the number of plasma proteins
- Hypoproteinemia: a decrease in the number of plasma proteins
- Dysproteinemia: a change in the quality of plasma proteins
Red Blood Cell System Changes
- Anemia: a decrease in hemoglobin content and erythrocyte count
- True polycythemia (erythremia): an increase in hemoglobin content and erythrocyte count
- Erythrocytopathy: a disorder in erythrocyte form, such as microspherocytosis and ovalocytosis
- Hemoglobinopathies (hemoglobinoses): a disorder in hemoglobin synthesis, including thalassemia and sickle cell anemia
White Blood Cell System Changes
- Leukocytosis: an increase in the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood
- Leukopenia: a decrease in the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood
- Hemoblastosis: leukocytes acquiring qualities of a tumor cell
Platelet Changes
- Thrombocytosis: an increase in the number of platelets in peripheral blood
- Thrombocytopenia: a decrease in the number of platelets in peripheral blood
- Thrombocytopathy: a change in the quality of platelets
Blood Plasma Changes
- Hyperproteinemia: an increase in the number of plasma proteins
- Hypoproteinemia: a decrease in the number of plasma proteins
- Dysproteinemia: a change in the quality of plasma proteins
Changes in Red Blood Cells
- Polycythemia: an increase in the number of erythrocytes per unit volume of blood
- Erythrocytosis: compensatory increase in erythrocytes
- Erythremia: a tumor disease of the blood, one of the forms of chronic myelocytic leukemia
Anemia
- Decrease in the number of red blood cells
- Characteristics:
- Anisocytosis: erythrocytes of different sizes
- Poikilocytosis: erythrocytes of various forms
- Polychromatophilia: erythrocytes of different coloration
- Anisochromia: erythrocytes with different hemoglobin saturation
- Inclusions: ring-shaped Kebota Jolly's body in erythrocytes
Classification of Anemia
- By origin:
- Posthemorrhagic anemia: due to blood loss
- Deficient anemia:
- Iron deficiency
- B12 (folic) deficiency
- Aplastic anemia
- Hypoplastic anemia
- Metaplastic anemia
- Myelotoxic anemia
- Hemolytic anemia: due to increased destruction of red blood cells
- By course:
- Acute anemia
- Chronic anemia
- By morphological and functional state of the bone marrow:
- Regenerative anemia
- Hyporegenerative anemia
- Aplastic anemia
- Dysplastic anemia
Changes in Red Blood Cells
- Polycythemia: an increase in the number of erythrocytes per unit volume of blood
- Erythrocytosis: compensatory increase in erythrocytes
- Erythremia: a tumor disease of the blood, one of the forms of chronic myelocytic leukemia
Anemia
- Decrease in the number of red blood cells
- Characteristics:
- Anisocytosis: erythrocytes of different sizes
- Poikilocytosis: erythrocytes of various forms
- Polychromatophilia: erythrocytes of different coloration
- Anisochromia: erythrocytes with different hemoglobin saturation
- Inclusions: ring-shaped Kebota Jolly's body in erythrocytes
Classification of Anemia
- By origin:
- Posthemorrhagic anemia: due to blood loss
- Deficient anemia:
- Iron deficiency
- B12 (folic) deficiency
- Aplastic anemia
- Hypoplastic anemia
- Metaplastic anemia
- Myelotoxic anemia
- Hemolytic anemia: due to increased destruction of red blood cells
- By course:
- Acute anemia
- Chronic anemia
- By morphological and functional state of the bone marrow:
- Regenerative anemia
- Hyporegenerative anemia
- Aplastic anemia
- Dysplastic anemia
Posthemorrhagic Anemia
- Can be acute or chronic
- Acute posthemorrhagic anemia is normochromic and normocytic in the first hours after bleeding
- Restoration of plasma volume after acute blood loss causes temporary dilution of blood and decrease in hematocrit
- First sign of regeneration of red blood cells is reticulocytosis, which indicates activity of hemopoiesis
Chronic Posthemorrhagic Anemia
- Occurs with chronic hemorrhage and may be a symptom of gynecological, oncological, or gastrointestinal diseases
- Characterized by hypochromia, microcytosis, foci of regeneration in bone marrow of tubular bones, and presence of foci of extra-oesophageal hemopoiesis
- Changes caused by chronic hypoxia are also present
Hemolytic Anemia
- Characterized by shortening of life of red blood cells
- Classified based on three factors: cause of hemolysis, intra- or extravascular localization of hemolysis, and congenital or acquired character of the disease
Causes of Hemolytic Anemia
- Endoerythrocytic factors:
- Membranopathy: hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis
- Fermentopathy: insufficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase deficiency
- Hemoglobinopathy: disorders of globin chains, reduction of synthesis of globin chains (thalassemia)
- Acquired anemia: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Anemias Caused by Exoerythrocyte Factors
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: warm thermal antibody, cold-blooded, anemia in autoimmune diseases
- Immune hemolytic anemia: hemolytic disease of newborns, transfusion hemolytic reaction, medicinal immune hemolytic anemia, hemolysis in response to toxins and chemicals
- Mechanical damage of erythrocytes: microangiopathic anemia (erythrocyte fragmentation syndrome)
- Anemia in infectious diseases: malaria
- Hyperplenism
- Mixed species
- Dyserythropoietic anemia
Classification of Anemias
- Destruction of proliferation and differentiation of stem cells
- Aplastic anemia
- Aplasia of the erythroblastic sprout
- Anemia in renal insufficiency
- Anemia in endocrine disorders
- Destruction of proliferation and differentiation of erythroblasts
- Disruption of DNA synthesis
- Insufficiency or impairment of absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid (megaloblastic anemia)
- Destruction of the synthesis of Hb
- Violation of heme synthesis (Fe deficiency)
- Violation of globin synthesis (thalassemia)
- Unknown or mixed mechanisms
- Anemia due to a violation of the metabolism of Fe (anemia sideroblast, with chronic diseases, with myelodysplasia)
- Disruption of DNA synthesis
Characteristics of Megaloblastic Anemia
- Anisocytosis: macrocytes and megalocytes predominate
- Poikilocytosis: erythrocytes in the form of an oval, racket, crescent
- Megalocytes with remnants of the nucleus (Kebot's rings)
- Erythrocytes are brighter in color
- Atrophy of the gastric mucosa in pernicious Addison-Birmer anemia
- The mucous membrane of the stomach is thinned, there are only single glandular structures
- Atrophic gastritis precedes the development of gastric cancer (with pernicious anemia, stomach cancer develops 8 times more often)
Anemias Caused by Exoerythrocyte Factors
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: warm thermal antibody, cold-blooded, anemia in autoimmune diseases
- Immune hemolytic anemia: hemolytic disease of newborns, transfusion hemolytic reaction, medicinal immune hemolytic anemia, hemolysis in response to toxins and chemicals
- Mechanical damage of erythrocytes: microangiopathic anemia (erythrocyte fragmentation syndrome)
- Anemia in infectious diseases: malaria
- Hyperplenism
- Mixed species
- Dyserythropoietic anemia
Classification of Anemias
- Destruction of proliferation and differentiation of stem cells
- Aplastic anemia
- Aplasia of the erythroblastic sprout
- Anemia in renal insufficiency
- Anemia in endocrine disorders
- Destruction of proliferation and differentiation of erythroblasts
- Disruption of DNA synthesis
- Insufficiency or impairment of absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid (megaloblastic anemia)
- Destruction of the synthesis of Hb
- Violation of heme synthesis (Fe deficiency)
- Violation of globin synthesis (thalassemia)
- Unknown or mixed mechanisms
- Anemia due to a violation of the metabolism of Fe (anemia sideroblast, with chronic diseases, with myelodysplasia)
- Disruption of DNA synthesis
Characteristics of Megaloblastic Anemia
- Anisocytosis: macrocytes and megalocytes predominate
- Poikilocytosis: erythrocytes in the form of an oval, racket, crescent
- Megalocytes with remnants of the nucleus (Kebot's rings)
- Erythrocytes are brighter in color
- Atrophy of the gastric mucosa in pernicious Addison-Birmer anemia
- The mucous membrane of the stomach is thinned, there are only single glandular structures
- Atrophic gastritis precedes the development of gastric cancer (with pernicious anemia, stomach cancer develops 8 times more often)
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