Blood System Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content?

  • Erythrocytosis
  • Leukopenia
  • Anemia (correct)
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Which of the following is a disorder of erythrocyte form?

  • Hemoblastosis
  • Erythrocytopathy (correct)
  • Thrombocytopathy
  • Leukocytosis
  • What is the term for an increase in the number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood?

  • Leukocytosis (correct)
  • Erythrocytosis
  • Thrombocytosis
  • Leukopenia
  • Which of the following is a change in blood plasma proteins?

    <p>Dysproteinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an increase in the number of platelets in the peripheral blood?

    <p>Thrombocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a decrease in the number of platelets in the peripheral blood?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the production of hemoglobin?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition where leukocytes acquire qualities of a tumor cell?

    <p>Hemoblastosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormal decrease in the production of plasma proteins?

    <p>Hypoproteinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition where erythrocytes have an abnormal shape?

    <p>Erythrocytopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the production of platelets?

    <p>Thrombocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition where hemoglobin synthesis is abnormal?

    <p>Hemoglobinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by a compensatory increase in erythrocytes?

    <p>Erythrocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tumor disease of the blood, one of the forms of chronic myelocytic leukemia?

    <p>Erythremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by erythrocytes of different sizes?

    <p>Anisocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by erythrocytes of different forms?

    <p>Poikilocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by erythrocytes with inclusions of the ring like structure called Jolly's body?

    <p>Howell-Jolly body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia is characterized by a significant violation of the ripening of red blood cells, with no young erythrocytes and reticulocytes in the blood?

    <p>Aregenerative anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anemia is caused by impaired blood formation due to a deficiency of a certain nutrient?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia that is characterized by a decrease in bone marrow function, with a violation of the ripening of erythrocytes, and few young erythrocytes and reticulocytes in the blood?

    <p>Hyporegenerative anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia that is characterized by a disorder of the morphological and functional state of the bone marrow, reflecting its regenerative capabilities?

    <p>Dysplastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes aplastic anemia?

    <p>A significant violation of the ripening of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia characterized by a decrease in bone marrow function, with a violation of the ripening of erythrocytes, and few young erythrocytes and reticulocytes in the blood?

    <p>Hyporegenerative anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia divided into two categories based on its duration?

    <p>Acute and chronic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic sign of posthemorrhagic anemia?

    <p>Hypochromia and microcytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the loss of blood exceeds the regenerative capacity of the bone marrow?

    <p>Chronic posthemorrhagic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of regeneration of red blood cells?

    <p>Reticulocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Shortening of the life of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of restoration of the volume of plasma after acute blood loss?

    <p>Decrease in hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for classification of hemolytic anemia?

    <p>The cause, localization, and character of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for defects of the plasmolemma of erythrocytes?

    <p>Membranopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for enzymatic disorders of erythrocytes?

    <p>Fermentopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disturbance of hemoglobin synthesis?

    <p>Disorders of globin chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a reduction of synthesis of globin chains?

    <p>Thalassemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of acquired anemia?

    <p>Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism underlying anemia in autoimmune diseases?

    <p>Warm autoimmune hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anemia is characterized by a violation of heme synthesis?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the metabolism of iron?

    <p>Sideroblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia characterized by a disruption of DNA synthesis?

    <p>Megaloblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the synthesis of globin?

    <p>Thalassemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anemia is characterized by the presence of erythrocytes with remnants of the nucleus?

    <p>Anemia with Kebot's rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of anemia in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Immune system destruction of erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of anemia in renal insufficiency?

    <p>Destruction of proliferation and differentiation of stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of anemia in microangiopathic anemia?

    <p>Mechanical damage of erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of anemia in endocrine disorders?

    <p>Destruction of proliferation and differentiation of stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the metabolism of iron?

    <p>Sideroblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of erythrocytes in megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Macrocytes and megalocytes predominate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of anemia in hemolytic disease of newborns?

    <p>Immune system destruction of erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of anemia in hyperplenism?

    <p>Splenomegaly and sequestration of erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia caused by a violation of the synthesis of globin?

    <p>Thalassemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of erythrocytes in poikilocytosis?

    <p>Erythrocytes in the form of an oval, racket, crescent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Red Blood Cell System Changes

    • Anemia: a decrease in hemoglobin content and erythrocyte count
    • True polycythemia (erythremia): an increase in hemoglobin content and erythrocyte count
    • Erythrocytopathy: a disorder in erythrocyte form, such as microspherocytosis and ovalocytosis
    • Hemoglobinopathies (hemoglobinoses): a disorder in hemoglobin synthesis, including thalassemia and sickle cell anemia

    White Blood Cell System Changes

    • Leukocytosis: an increase in the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood
    • Leukopenia: a decrease in the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood
    • Hemoblastosis: leukocytes acquiring qualities of a tumor cell

    Platelet Changes

    • Thrombocytosis: an increase in the number of platelets in peripheral blood
    • Thrombocytopenia: a decrease in the number of platelets in peripheral blood
    • Thrombocytopathy: a change in the quality of platelets

    Blood Plasma Changes

    • Hyperproteinemia: an increase in the number of plasma proteins
    • Hypoproteinemia: a decrease in the number of plasma proteins
    • Dysproteinemia: a change in the quality of plasma proteins

    Red Blood Cell System Changes

    • Anemia: a decrease in hemoglobin content and erythrocyte count
    • True polycythemia (erythremia): an increase in hemoglobin content and erythrocyte count
    • Erythrocytopathy: a disorder in erythrocyte form, such as microspherocytosis and ovalocytosis
    • Hemoglobinopathies (hemoglobinoses): a disorder in hemoglobin synthesis, including thalassemia and sickle cell anemia

    White Blood Cell System Changes

    • Leukocytosis: an increase in the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood
    • Leukopenia: a decrease in the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood
    • Hemoblastosis: leukocytes acquiring qualities of a tumor cell

    Platelet Changes

    • Thrombocytosis: an increase in the number of platelets in peripheral blood
    • Thrombocytopenia: a decrease in the number of platelets in peripheral blood
    • Thrombocytopathy: a change in the quality of platelets

    Blood Plasma Changes

    • Hyperproteinemia: an increase in the number of plasma proteins
    • Hypoproteinemia: a decrease in the number of plasma proteins
    • Dysproteinemia: a change in the quality of plasma proteins

    Changes in Red Blood Cells

    • Polycythemia: an increase in the number of erythrocytes per unit volume of blood
      • Erythrocytosis: compensatory increase in erythrocytes
      • Erythremia: a tumor disease of the blood, one of the forms of chronic myelocytic leukemia

    Anemia

    • Decrease in the number of red blood cells
    • Characteristics:
      • Anisocytosis: erythrocytes of different sizes
      • Poikilocytosis: erythrocytes of various forms
      • Polychromatophilia: erythrocytes of different coloration
      • Anisochromia: erythrocytes with different hemoglobin saturation
      • Inclusions: ring-shaped Kebota Jolly's body in erythrocytes

    Classification of Anemia

    • By origin:
      • Posthemorrhagic anemia: due to blood loss
      • Deficient anemia:
        • Iron deficiency
        • B12 (folic) deficiency
      • Aplastic anemia
      • Hypoplastic anemia
      • Metaplastic anemia
      • Myelotoxic anemia
      • Hemolytic anemia: due to increased destruction of red blood cells
    • By course:
      • Acute anemia
      • Chronic anemia
    • By morphological and functional state of the bone marrow:
      • Regenerative anemia
      • Hyporegenerative anemia
      • Aplastic anemia
      • Dysplastic anemia

    Changes in Red Blood Cells

    • Polycythemia: an increase in the number of erythrocytes per unit volume of blood
      • Erythrocytosis: compensatory increase in erythrocytes
      • Erythremia: a tumor disease of the blood, one of the forms of chronic myelocytic leukemia

    Anemia

    • Decrease in the number of red blood cells
    • Characteristics:
      • Anisocytosis: erythrocytes of different sizes
      • Poikilocytosis: erythrocytes of various forms
      • Polychromatophilia: erythrocytes of different coloration
      • Anisochromia: erythrocytes with different hemoglobin saturation
      • Inclusions: ring-shaped Kebota Jolly's body in erythrocytes

    Classification of Anemia

    • By origin:
      • Posthemorrhagic anemia: due to blood loss
      • Deficient anemia:
        • Iron deficiency
        • B12 (folic) deficiency
      • Aplastic anemia
      • Hypoplastic anemia
      • Metaplastic anemia
      • Myelotoxic anemia
      • Hemolytic anemia: due to increased destruction of red blood cells
    • By course:
      • Acute anemia
      • Chronic anemia
    • By morphological and functional state of the bone marrow:
      • Regenerative anemia
      • Hyporegenerative anemia
      • Aplastic anemia
      • Dysplastic anemia

    Posthemorrhagic Anemia

    • Can be acute or chronic
    • Acute posthemorrhagic anemia is normochromic and normocytic in the first hours after bleeding
    • Restoration of plasma volume after acute blood loss causes temporary dilution of blood and decrease in hematocrit
    • First sign of regeneration of red blood cells is reticulocytosis, which indicates activity of hemopoiesis

    Chronic Posthemorrhagic Anemia

    • Occurs with chronic hemorrhage and may be a symptom of gynecological, oncological, or gastrointestinal diseases
    • Characterized by hypochromia, microcytosis, foci of regeneration in bone marrow of tubular bones, and presence of foci of extra-oesophageal hemopoiesis
    • Changes caused by chronic hypoxia are also present

    Hemolytic Anemia

    • Characterized by shortening of life of red blood cells
    • Classified based on three factors: cause of hemolysis, intra- or extravascular localization of hemolysis, and congenital or acquired character of the disease

    Causes of Hemolytic Anemia

    • Endoerythrocytic factors:
      • Membranopathy: hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis
      • Fermentopathy: insufficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase deficiency
      • Hemoglobinopathy: disorders of globin chains, reduction of synthesis of globin chains (thalassemia)
    • Acquired anemia: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

    Anemias Caused by Exoerythrocyte Factors

    • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: warm thermal antibody, cold-blooded, anemia in autoimmune diseases
    • Immune hemolytic anemia: hemolytic disease of newborns, transfusion hemolytic reaction, medicinal immune hemolytic anemia, hemolysis in response to toxins and chemicals
    • Mechanical damage of erythrocytes: microangiopathic anemia (erythrocyte fragmentation syndrome)
    • Anemia in infectious diseases: malaria
    • Hyperplenism
    • Mixed species
    • Dyserythropoietic anemia

    Classification of Anemias

    • Destruction of proliferation and differentiation of stem cells
      • Aplastic anemia
      • Aplasia of the erythroblastic sprout
      • Anemia in renal insufficiency
      • Anemia in endocrine disorders
    • Destruction of proliferation and differentiation of erythroblasts
      • Disruption of DNA synthesis
        • Insufficiency or impairment of absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid (megaloblastic anemia)
      • Destruction of the synthesis of Hb
        • Violation of heme synthesis (Fe deficiency)
        • Violation of globin synthesis (thalassemia)
      • Unknown or mixed mechanisms
        • Anemia due to a violation of the metabolism of Fe (anemia sideroblast, with chronic diseases, with myelodysplasia)

    Characteristics of Megaloblastic Anemia

    • Anisocytosis: macrocytes and megalocytes predominate
    • Poikilocytosis: erythrocytes in the form of an oval, racket, crescent
    • Megalocytes with remnants of the nucleus (Kebot's rings)
    • Erythrocytes are brighter in color
    • Atrophy of the gastric mucosa in pernicious Addison-Birmer anemia
    • The mucous membrane of the stomach is thinned, there are only single glandular structures
    • Atrophic gastritis precedes the development of gastric cancer (with pernicious anemia, stomach cancer develops 8 times more often)

    Anemias Caused by Exoerythrocyte Factors

    • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: warm thermal antibody, cold-blooded, anemia in autoimmune diseases
    • Immune hemolytic anemia: hemolytic disease of newborns, transfusion hemolytic reaction, medicinal immune hemolytic anemia, hemolysis in response to toxins and chemicals
    • Mechanical damage of erythrocytes: microangiopathic anemia (erythrocyte fragmentation syndrome)
    • Anemia in infectious diseases: malaria
    • Hyperplenism
    • Mixed species
    • Dyserythropoietic anemia

    Classification of Anemias

    • Destruction of proliferation and differentiation of stem cells
      • Aplastic anemia
      • Aplasia of the erythroblastic sprout
      • Anemia in renal insufficiency
      • Anemia in endocrine disorders
    • Destruction of proliferation and differentiation of erythroblasts
      • Disruption of DNA synthesis
        • Insufficiency or impairment of absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid (megaloblastic anemia)
      • Destruction of the synthesis of Hb
        • Violation of heme synthesis (Fe deficiency)
        • Violation of globin synthesis (thalassemia)
      • Unknown or mixed mechanisms
        • Anemia due to a violation of the metabolism of Fe (anemia sideroblast, with chronic diseases, with myelodysplasia)

    Characteristics of Megaloblastic Anemia

    • Anisocytosis: macrocytes and megalocytes predominate
    • Poikilocytosis: erythrocytes in the form of an oval, racket, crescent
    • Megalocytes with remnants of the nucleus (Kebot's rings)
    • Erythrocytes are brighter in color
    • Atrophy of the gastric mucosa in pernicious Addison-Birmer anemia
    • The mucous membrane of the stomach is thinned, there are only single glandular structures
    • Atrophic gastritis precedes the development of gastric cancer (with pernicious anemia, stomach cancer develops 8 times more often)

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    Description

    This quiz covers changes in the red and white blood cells, including anemia, polycythemia, erythrocytopathy, hemoglobinopathies, and leukocyte disorders. Test your knowledge of blood system disorders and their effects.

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