Blood Properties and Components
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of blood plasma proteins in maintaining fluid balance?

  • They help regulate blood pH by acting as buffers.
  • They maintain proper blood osmotic pressure, influencing fluid exchange across capillary walls. (correct)
  • They contribute to the formation of blood clots.
  • They transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

  • Production of red blood cells. (correct)
  • Production of antibodies to fight infections.
  • Regulation of body temperature.
  • Transportation of hormones from endocrine glands.

    • What is the approximate percentage of formed elements in a sample of centrifuged blood?

  • 90%
  • 55%
  • 10%
  • 45% (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a physical characteristic of blood?

    <p>Presence of antibodies for disease protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the color difference between bright red and dark red blood?

    <p>The presence or absence of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is most abundant in blood plasma?

    <p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the plasma proteins, which type is most abundant?

    <p>Albumins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate blood volume in an average-sized adult male?

    <p>5-6 liters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of white blood cell is responsible for the production of antibodies?

    <p>Lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a waste product found in blood?

    <p>Hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which formed elements of blood develop?

    <p>Hematopoiesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hemopoiesis primarily occur in adults?

    <p>Red bone marrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stem cell gives rise to lymphocytes?

    <p>Lymphoid stem cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a colony-forming unit (CFU)?

    <p>CFU-L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoietin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells?

    <p>Hematocrit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by an abnormally high hematocrit?

    <p>Polycythemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood group is characterized by the presence of both A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells?

    <p>Blood type AB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood types contains anti-A and anti-B agglutinins?

    <p>Blood type O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when incompatible blood is transfused?

    <p>Red blood cells clump together (agglutination), leading to hemolysis and the release of hemoglobin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are agglutinins produced?

    <p>Bone marrow and lymph gland cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune system?

    <p>Phagocytizing bacteria and other pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to polycythemia?

    <p>Low blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of anemia?

    <p>Excessive loss of blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with type B blood would have which antibodies in their plasma?

    <p>Anti-A antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a person with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?

    <p>The recipient's antibodies will agglutinate the donor's red blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?

    <p>Type AB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding an Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive fetus?

    <p>The mother's immune system may attack the fetus's red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of RhoGAM®?

    <p>To prevent the mother from developing anti-Rh antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ABO blood typing, what happens when a drop of blood is mixed with anti-A serum and agglutination occurs?

    <p>The blood is type A. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is type O blood considered the universal donor?

    <p>It lacks both A and B antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group system is named after a type of monkey?

    <p>Rh blood group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with type AB blood would have which antigens on their RBCs?

    <p>Both A and B antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Rh-positive and Rh-negative individuals?

    <p>Rh-positive individuals have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells, while Rh-negative individuals do not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Functions of Blood

    Blood transports O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste, regulates pH and temperature, and offers protection.

    Physical Characteristics of Blood

    Blood is denser than water, has a temperature of 38°C, a pH of 7.35-7.45, and its color varies with oxygen content.

    Components of Blood

    Blood consists of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements (mostly RBCs, WBCs, and platelets).

    Blood Plasma

    Blood plasma is 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes, mainly proteins, which help maintain osmotic pressure.

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    Hematopoiesis

    The process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow.

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    O-A-B Blood Types

    ABO blood types include A, B, AB, and O, classified by the presence of antigens.

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    Rh Blood Group

    Refers to the presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh-) of the Rh factor on red blood cells.

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    Transfusion and Cross-Matching

    The process of matching blood types for safe blood transfusions, preventing immune reactions.

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    Gamma Globulins

    Blood proteins that function as antibodies.

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    Hematocrit

    Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

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    Erythropoietin (EPO)

    Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.

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    Polycythemia

    Excess number of red blood cells raising blood viscosity.

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    Pluripotent Stem Cells

    Stem cells capable of developing into various blood cells.

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    Myeloid Stem Cells

    Stem cells that produce red blood cells and granulocytes.

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    Lymphoid Stem Cells

    Stem cells that give rise to lymphocytes.

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    ABO Blood Group

    Classification based on presence of A and B antigens.

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    Agglutinins

    Antibodies that react against foreign blood antigens.

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    Transfusion Reaction

    Response to incompatible blood transfusion.

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    Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    Cell fragments important for blood clotting.

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    White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

    Cells involved in immune response and defense.

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    Antigens

    Substances that trigger an immune response.

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    Cytokines

    Signaling proteins that regulate blood cell formation.

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    A and B antigens

    Substances on RBCs that determine blood type; A has A antigens and B has B antigens.

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    Universal recipients

    People with type AB blood who can accept blood from any ABO type without serious reactions.

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    Universal donors

    People with type O blood who can donate to any ABO type.

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    Rh factor

    An antigen on RBCs that classifies blood as Rh+ or Rh-.

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    Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

    Condition where Rh- mother produces antibodies against Rh+ fetal blood, affecting future pregnancies.

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    Anti-Rh antibodies

    Antibodies produced by an Rh- person after exposure to Rh+ blood.

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    Blood type typing

    Process to determine blood type by mixing blood with antisera containing specific antibodies.

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    Anti-A and Anti-B sera

    Solutions used in blood typing to detect A or B antigens on RBCs.

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    Agglutination

    Clumping of RBCs caused by antibodies binding to specific antigens.

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    RhoGAM®

    Injection given to Rh- mothers to prevent the formation of anti-Rh antibodies during pregnancy.

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    Study Notes

    Blood Properties, Components, and Functions

    • Blood is a connective tissue with a liquid matrix (plasma) containing cells and fragments.
    • Functions include: transportation (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, waste), regulation (homeostasis, pH, temperature), and protection (clotting, white blood cells).
    • Physical characteristics: denser and thicker than water, temperature 38°C, pH 7.35-7.45, color varies with oxygen content (bright red/dark red), constitutes 8% of total body mass, average adult volume 5-6 liters.

    Blood Components

    • Blood is roughly 55% plasma and 45% formed elements (cells and cell fragments).
    • Blood Plasma: Mostly water (91.5%) with dissolved solutes (proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste).
      • Key proteins: albumins (54%), globulins (38%), fibrinogen (7%). Liver synthesizes most plasma proteins.
    • Formed Elements:
      • Red blood cells (RBCs): >99% of formed elements; transport oxygen.
      • White blood cells (WBCs) & platelets: <1% of formed elements; involved in defense and clotting.
      • Hematocrit: percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs (38-46% in females, 40-54% in males).

    Blood Cell Formation (Hematopoiesis)

    • Primary site after birth: red bone marrow.
    • Pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
    • Myeloid stem cells form RBCs, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
    • Lymphoid stem cells form lymphocytes.
    • Key hormones regulating formation: erythropoietin (EPO) for RBCs, thrombopoietin (TPO) for platelets, and various cytokines.

    Blood Groups and Blood Types

    • Determined by antigens on RBC surfaces (glycoproteins/glycolipids). O-A-B and Rh most important.
    • ABO System:
      • Antigens: A and/or B.
      • Antibodies: Anti-A and/or Anti-B (in plasma).
      • Blood types: O, A, B, AB. O has both anti-A and anti-B, A has anti-B, B has anti-A, AB has neither.
    • Rh System:
      • Antigen: Rh factor (present = Rh+, absent = Rh-).
      • Antibodies: Anti-Rh (form in response to Rh+ blood).
    • Transfusions: Compatible blood types necessary to prevent agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis (rupturing) of RBCs.
      • Universal donor: O-.
      • Universal recipient: AB+.
    • Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN): Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus can lead to destruction of fetal RBCs.

    Typing and Cross-Matching

    • ABO Typing: Mixing blood with anti-A and anti-B sera to identify presence of A or B antigens.
    • Rh Typing: Mixing blood with Rh antiserum to detect presence of Rh antigen.

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    Description

    Explore the essential properties, components, and functions of blood in this quiz. Understand the roles of blood in transportation, regulation, and protection, as well as its composition of plasma and formed elements. Perfect for anyone studying biology or human anatomy.

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