CR Week 1 Neuronal and Hormonal control of BP
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CR Week 1 Neuronal and Hormonal control of BP

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Questions and Answers

Which system regulates blood pressure in a fast-acting manner?

  • Vagus nerve
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • Sympathetic nervous system (correct)
  • Hormonal system

    • Where are the aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors located?

  • In the kidneys
  • In the lungs
  • Internal carotid artery and at the base of the aortic valve (correct)
  • In the heart

    • What is the role of the vagus nerve in blood pressure control?

  • Stimulating fight or flight response
  • Activating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • Increasing blood vessel constriction
  • Decreasing heart rate (correct)

    • Which system is slower acting in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>Hormonal + Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main hormone involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs can be used to control hypertension by blocking angiotensin receptors?

    <p>Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in controlling hypertension?

    <p>Reducing production of angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones acts on epithelial sodium channels in the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug type inhibits renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system and causes vasodilation as a side effect?

    <p>ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug type directly causes vasodilation by blocking AT1 receptors?

    <p>Angiotensin receptor blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released when atrial wall is stretched, there's increased sympathetic stimulation of B-adrenoceptors, and increased sodium concentration? It also decreases sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Atrial Natriuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main side effect of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug type decreases heart rate and contractility, and reduces renin secretion?

    <p>Beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macula densa cells in the hormonal control of blood pressure?

    <p>Detect sodium levels in the distal tubule, regulating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of renin in the hormonal control of blood pressure after it cleaves the protein angiotensinongen into angiotensin 1?

    <p>Increases filtration pressure and GFR through tubuloglomerular feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Angiotensin II affect blood vessels?

    <p>Acts on angiotensin II receptors to increase calcium in smooth muscle cells, causing constriction and increasing blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are mesangial cells located and what is their function?

    <p>Between afferent and efferent arterioles, containing contractile proteins that shape the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of AT1 receptors in hormonal control of blood pressure?

    <p>Increase calcium in smooth muscle cells, causing constriction and increasing blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there are low sodium levels in the distal tubule?

    <p>Renin is released, leading to increased filtration pressure and GFR through tubuloglomerular feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nucleus ambiguus in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>It stimulates parasympathetic outflow to the heart, reducing cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in arterial pressure affect arterial baroreceptors?

    <p>It activates them by stretching the sinus wall and sensory nerve fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a carotid massage in relation to blood pressure?

    <p>It can be used to reduce blood pressure or diagnose heart rhythm disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do afferent fibers from the sinus nerve terminate in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>In the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the medulla oblongata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of arterial baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>To sense changes in arterial pressure and activate corrective responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NTS (nucleus of solitary tract) in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>It computes whether blood pressure matches the 'set point' and activates corrective output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic outflow on blood pressure when it is too low?

    <p>It results in increased heart rate, stroke volume, and constriction of veins, raising preload and cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the vagus nerve in the control of blood pressure?

    <p>Increasing heart rate in response to high blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of the carotid sinus baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Initiating vasoconstriction in response to low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs acts by inhibiting angiotensin receptors and causing vasodilation?

    <p>Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of AT1 receptors in hormonal control of blood pressure?

    <p>Inducing vasoconstriction, sympathetic activation, cell growth, sodium and fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Increasing blood volume and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the physiological sensors for neuronal control of arterial blood pressure?

    <p>Aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts on epithelial sodium channels in the distal convoluted tubule as part of hormonal control of blood pressure?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Computes whether blood pressure matches the 'set point' and activates a corrective output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for transmitting signals from the arterial baroreceptors to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic outflow when blood pressure is too low?

    <p>Results in increased heart rate, stroke volume, and constriction of veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the carotid massage in relation to blood pressure?

    <p>Reduces blood pressure or diagnoses heart rhythm disturbances by increasing the rate of firing in the sinus nerve and increasing vagal output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Sensors for blood pressure regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the nucleus ambiguus when blood pressure is too high?

    <p>Stimulate parasympathetic outflow to slow down the heart and reduce cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does arterial baroreceptor activation affect sympathetic outflow?

    <p>Stimulates sympathetic outflow when arterial pressure is too low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Angiotensin II in the hormonal control of blood pressure?

    <p>Increasing calcium in smooth muscle cells and causing constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are mesangial cells located and what is their function?

    <p>Between the afferent and efferent arterioles, containing contractile proteins that shape the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macula densa cells in the hormonal control of blood pressure?

    <p>Detecting sodium levels in the distal tubule and regulating the GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there are low sodium levels in the distal tubule?

    <p>Renin release and tubuloglomerular feedback increase filtration pressure and GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of AT1 receptors in hormonal control of blood pressure?

    <p>Increasing calcium in smooth muscle cells and causing constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of renin in the hormonal control of blood pressure?

    <p>Cleaving angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I, which is converted into Angiotensin II in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic outflow on blood pressure when it is too low?

    <p>Increasing vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones acts on epithelial sodium channels in the distal convoluted tubule to increase sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of AT1 receptors in hormonal control of blood pressure?

    <p>Promote vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARBs) in controlling hypertension?

    <p>Blocking the action of angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug type decreases heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, having a direct effect on the heart and indirectly on the kidney?

    <p>Beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of compensatory mechanisms like baroreceptor reflex and chemoreceptor reflex in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>To maintain blood pressure in response to haemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone in the hormonal control of blood pressure?

    <p>Increase sodium reabsorption and water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do calcium channel blockers affect coronary arteries?

    <p>Dilate coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thiazide diuretics on blood pressure?

    <p>Increase sodium and water excretion, causing a reduction in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of atrial natriuretic peptide ANP in regulating blood volume?

    <p>Decrease sodium reabsorption and increase blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Neural control of blood pressure is a fast homeostatic process controlled by negative feedback.

    • Baroreceptors, located in the carotid sinus and aortic sinus, are the sensors for blood pressure regulation.

    • Arterial baroreceptors are activated by an increase in arterial pressure, which stretches the sinus wall and sensory nerve fibres.

    • Afferent fibres from the sinus nerve join the glossopharyngeal nerve and/or vagus nerve and terminate in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the medulla oblongata.

    • NTS computes whether blood pressure matches the 'set point' and activates a corrective output via the vasomotor centre or nucleus ambiguas.

    • If blood pressure is too low, the vasomotor centre is activated to stimulate sympathetic outflow to the heart and peripheral arterioles.

    • Sympathetic outflow results in increased heart rate, stroke volume, and constriction of veins, raising preload and cardiac output.

    • If blood pressure is too high, the nucleus ambiguas is activated to stimulate parasympathetic outflow to the heart via the vagus nerve, slowing down the heart and reducing cardiac output.

    • A carotid massage can be used to reduce blood pressure or diagnose heart rhythm disturbances by increasing the rate of firing in the sinus nerve and increasing vagal output.

    • The AT2 receptor is involved in various functions, including apoptosis, growth, development of neurones, and vasodilation.

    • Renin release is increased by sympathetic nervous system activity in the renal nerve, which stimulates beta receptors on juxtaglomerular cells.

    • Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone, is secreted by the adrenal cortex and acts on epithelial sodium channels in the distal convoluted tubule to increase sodium reabsorption.

    • Aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium and water, resulting in an increase in circulating blood volume and blood pressure.

    • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released in response to increased atrial volume, decreased sympathetic stimulation, and hypernatremia.

    • ANP decreases sodium reabsorption and increases blood volume, having the opposite effect of aldosterone.

    • The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume, and is a target for drug treatment of hypertension.

    • ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, preventing the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II.

    • Angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARBs) block the action of angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor, preventing vasoconstriction.

    • Calcium channel blockers decrease heart rate, contractility, and total peripheral resistance, dilating coronary arteries.

    • ACE inhibitors and ARBs have antihypertensive effects by decreasing vasoconstriction caused by angiotensin II.

    • Thiazide diuretics increase sodium and water excretion, causing a reduction in blood pressure.

    • Beta blockers decrease heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, having a direct effect on the heart and indirectly on the kidney.

    • Compensatory mechanisms, including the baroreceptor reflex and chemoreceptor reflex, help maintain blood pressure in response to haemorrhage.

    • The RAS is activated in response to haemorrhage, leading to vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output to maintain blood pressure.

    • Carotid sinus afferents may travel through the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) or vagus nerve (X) or a combination of both.

    • Reduced renal blood flow, caused by narrowing of the renal artery or afferent arterioles, can lead to increased sodium absorption and renin release, raising blood pressure to maintain glomerular filtration rate.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on blood pressure regulation, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, baroreflex activation therapy, and common drugs used in hypertension treatment.

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