Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for regulating osmotic pressure in blood?
Which of the following components of blood is not a plasma protein?
What happens to blood pH during acidosis?
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How many oxygen binding sites does a single hemoglobin molecule have?
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Which type of blood cells are primarily involved in the immune response?
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What is the normal count of erythrocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood?
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Which of the following is a function of antibodies in the blood?
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What is the normal WBC count range in mm3 of blood?
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What condition is indicated by a WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3?
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Which of the following WBC conditions is characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte level?
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What process allows leukocytes to move out of blood vessels?
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What is the role of cytoplasmic granules in leukocytes?
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What is the primary function of leukocytes in the body?
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What may cause an increase in the production of leukocytes in the body?
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What happens to the blood flow with an increase in RBC production due to secondary polycythemia?
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Which blood type is known as the universal recipient?
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What happens to foreign red blood cells when antibodies are present?
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What is the result of freed hemoglobin in the blood?
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Which type of blood can a person with blood type O receive?
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Which allele is recessive in the ABO blood system?
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What type of inheritance is exhibited by blood type AB?
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Which of the following statements about blood antigens is true?
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What is the role of antibodies in the bloodstream?
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What is the consequence of losing over 30% of blood volume?
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What triggers the immune system to produce antibodies?
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Which blood type is characterized by the presence of both A and B antigens?
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What is agglutination?
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What do antibodies bind to in the blood?
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Why are transfusions given?
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Which blood type lacks both A and B antigens?
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What is a common cause of the most vigorous transfusion reactions?
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What is the normal time for blood to clot?
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What remains in the blood vessel until the endothelium is regenerated?
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What is a thrombus?
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What condition is characterized by a hereditary bleeding disorder due to missing clotting factors?
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What is the effect of thrombocytopenia on the body?
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What is an embolus?
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Which of the following is a common treatment for patients prone to thrombus formation?
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What might petechiae indicate?
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Study Notes
Blood Plasma Composition
- Blood plasma is a liquid component containing dissolved substances such as nutrients, salts (electrolytes), respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, and waste products.
- Plasma proteins, primarily produced by the liver (excluding antibodies and protein-based hormones), are the most abundant solutes.
Major Plasma Proteins
- Albumin: Regulates osmotic pressure, maintains blood volume, carries lipid hormones, and acts as a blood buffer.
- Clotting proteins (e.g., fibrinogen): Essential for stopping blood loss during vessel injury.
- Antibodies (globulins): Provide protection against pathogens and assist in lipid and hormone transport.
pH Levels in Blood
- Acidosis: Occurs when blood pH becomes too acidic.
- Alkalosis: Occurs when blood pH becomes too basic.
- Both conditions are managed by the respiratory system and kidneys to restore normal blood pH.
Formed Elements of Blood
- Erythrocytes (RBCs): Responsible for oxygen transportation; anucleate with minimal organelles, shaped as biconcave discs; normal count ranges around 5 million/mm³.
- Leukocytes (WBCs): Key players in defense against infections and pathogens; complete cells with nuclei and organelles, count ranges between 4,800 to 10,800/mm³.
- Platelets: Cell fragments crucial for blood clotting.
Erythrocyte Structure and Function
- Contain hemoglobin (Hb), which binds oxygen; a single RBC holds about 250 million hemoglobin molecules.
- Elevated RBC count (secondary polycythemia) can occur at higher altitudes, increasing viscosity and potentially impairing circulation.
Leukocyte Functions
- Move in and out of blood vessels via diapedesis; respond to damaged tissue chemicals through positive chemotaxis.
- Production can double during infections, leading to leukocytosis (WBC count above 11,000/mm³) indicating infection or illness.
- Leukopenia: Abnormally low WBC count, often due to drugs or illnesses.
- Leukemia: Characterized by excessive production of abnormal WBCs, with cancerous bone marrow involvement.
Hemostasis and Clotting
- Blood typically clots within 3 to 6 minutes; the clot persists until tissue repair occurs.
- Thrombus: A clot in an unbroken vessel, which can be dangerous if it occurs in the heart or lungs.
- Embolus: A free-floating thrombus that can obstruct critical vessels, potentially leading to a stroke.
Bleeding Disorders
- Hemophilia: A hereditary condition caused by missing clotting factors, making minor trauma potentially life-threatening.
- Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count leading to bleeding issues; may result from conditions like radiation or certain drugs.
Blood Groups and Transfusions
- Blood group antigens are genetically determined proteins that can trigger immune responses against foreign antigens.
- Blood compatibility:
- Type AB: Universal recipient (can receive A, B, AB, O).
- Type O: Universal donor (can only receive O).
- Agglutination occurs when antibodies bind to foreign RBCs, causing clumping and potential hemolysis, leading to kidney failure.
ABO Blood Groups and Genetics
- Blood type is determined by alleles:
- IA (Type A) produces Antigen A,
- IB (Type B) produces Antigen B,
- i (Type O) produces no antigens.
- Type AB displays co-dominance of alleles.
- Blood antigens are inherited, and transfusion compatibility must be considered to prevent agglutination reactions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various components of blood plasma, including dissolved substances such as nutrients, electrolytes, and waste products. Explore the roles of plasma proteins and their production by the liver, as well as the exchange of substances between blood and cells.
