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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?
Which of the following leukocytes is characterized by its distinctive purple cytoplasmic granules?
Which of the following leukocytes is characterized by its distinctive purple cytoplasmic granules?
What is the process called when leukocytes move through the blood vessel walls to reach the surrounding tissues?
What is the process called when leukocytes move through the blood vessel walls to reach the surrounding tissues?
What is the role of eosinophils in the immune system?
What is the role of eosinophils in the immune system?
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Which of the following is NOT a property of macrophages and neutrophils?
Which of the following is NOT a property of macrophages and neutrophils?
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Which cell type is characterized by a centrally located kidney-shaped nucleus and an amoeboid shape?
Which cell type is characterized by a centrally located kidney-shaped nucleus and an amoeboid shape?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue macrophage?
Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue macrophage?
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What type of immunity do B lymphocytes primarily provide?
What type of immunity do B lymphocytes primarily provide?
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Which term describes an abnormal increase in immature white blood cell count?
Which term describes an abnormal increase in immature white blood cell count?
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Which type of lymphocyte directly destroys specific target cells?
Which type of lymphocyte directly destroys specific target cells?
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Which type of leukocyte is most abundant in healthy individuals, making up 50-70% of total WBCs?
Which type of leukocyte is most abundant in healthy individuals, making up 50-70% of total WBCs?
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What is the approximate normal range for Eosinophils per microliter of blood?
What is the approximate normal range for Eosinophils per microliter of blood?
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Where are granulocytes specifically produced?
Where are granulocytes specifically produced?
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Which leukocyte type has the function of differentiating into macrophages?
Which leukocyte type has the function of differentiating into macrophages?
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Lymphocytes account for what percentage of total white blood cells in a healthy individual?
Lymphocytes account for what percentage of total white blood cells in a healthy individual?
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Study Notes
Blood Physiology - Leukocytes
- Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells (WBCs), are crucial components of the immune system.
- Objectives for this study include recognizing WBC types, identifying normal values, discussing functions, and distinguishing changes in clinical conditions.
Classification of Leukocytes
- Leukocytes are classified into two main groups: granulocytes and agranulocytes.
- Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
- Agranulocytes lack granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes.
Granulocytes
- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs): a subgroup of granulocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
- Neutrophils: Most abundant (50-70% of WBCs). Size (15-20 µm), multi-lobed nucleus (2-5 lobes). Function: phagocytosis, acting against bacterial infections. Life span: 6-8 hours. Defensive properties include diapedesis, chemotaxis, opsonization, degranulation, phagocytosis and digestion.
- Eosinophils: Involved in allergic reactions (1-4%). Nucleus is bilobed. Granules stain reddish-orange to red. Function includes killing parasites & moderating allergic reactions in the body.
- Basophils: Least abundant (less than 0.5%) Nucleus is lobed ,stain with basic dye. Granules contain heparin and histamine. Involved in allergic reactions.
Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes: Responsible for specific immunity. Size: (approximately 15-20 µm). Subtypes include B lymphocytes (produce antibodies) and T lymphocytes (directly destroy infected cells). Life span: 100-300 days.
- Monocytes: Largest WBCs (15-20 µm). Lack granules but contain vacuoles. Life span: 10-20 hours in blood. Function: Phagocytosis, more efficient than neutrophils. Mature into macrophages in tissues.
Normal WBC Counts
- Total WBC count: 4000-11000/µL
- Neutrophils: 3000-6000/µL (50-70%)
- Eosinophils: 150-300/µL (1-4%)
- Basophils: 0-100/µL (0.25-0.5%)
- Lymphocytes: 1500-4000/µL (20-40%)
- Monocytes: 300-600/µL (2-8%)
Site of Formation
- All leukocytes originate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.
- Granulocytes and monocytes are produced only in bone marrow.
- Lymphocytes are produced in lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, tonsils) from lymphocytes already in those sites.
Life Span
- Granulocytes: 4-8 hours
- Monocytes: 10-20 hours.
- Lymphocytes & macrophages: months to years.
Important Terms
- Leukocytosis: Increased WBC count
- Leukopenia: Decreased WBC count
- Neutrophilia: Increased neutrophil count
- Leukemia: Abnormal increase in immature WBCs (a type of blood cancer)
- Formation of Pus: Composed of dead neutrophils and macrophages as well as necrotic tissue.
Additional Information
- WBCs have various functions and characteristics; their activities are integral to maintaining health.
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of leukocytes, or white blood cells, which are vital to the immune system. You'll learn to identify different types of WBCs, understand their functions, and recognize their clinical significance. Test your knowledge on granulocytes, agranulocytes, and their roles in health and disease.
