Blood Physiology and Types
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Questions and Answers

The ______ is also known as the rhesus antigen.

Rh factor

What are the two main types of antigens found on red blood cells?

  • Rh antigens and IgM antigens
  • ABO antigens and Rh antigens (correct)
  • ABO antigens and IgG antigens
  • A antigens and B antigens

    • Individuals with type O blood possess both A and B antibodies.

    True (A)

    What is the term used to describe the clumping of red blood cells when incompatible blood types are mixed?

    <p>Agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are agglutinins typically acquired?

    <p>Through exposure to A and B antigens in food and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genotypes represents type B blood?

    <p>OB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type AB blood is known as the universal donor.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Rh factor in relation to blood transfusions?

    <p>It is essential to match the Rh type (positive or negative) between donor and recipient to prevent serious reactions. Rh mismatch, especially involving an Rh-negative recipient receiving Rh-positive blood, can lead to a serious transfusion reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a potential consequence of Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?

    <p>Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maternal antibodies against the Rh factor can cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn be prevented?

    <p>By giving anti-D antibodies to Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy and after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment for Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn involves repetitive removal of ______ blood and replacement with Rh-negative blood.

    <p>Rh-positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of a transfusion reaction?

    <p>Transfusion reactions can trigger fever, chills, shortness of breath, and even shock. The most severe consequence is acute renal failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin typically triggers immediate hemolysis in a transfusion reaction?

    <p>IgM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transfusion reactions always occur immediately after receiving mismatched blood.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the delayed hemolytic reaction in some transfusion reactions?

    <p>The presence of IgG antibodies against the donor's antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Rh matching crucial in blood transfusions?

    <p>To prevent the development of hemolytic disease of the newborn. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of blood component transfusion?

    <p>To provide specific blood components, such as red blood cells, plasma, or platelets, to patients with specific medical needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is typically frozen for storage?

    <p>Plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    White blood cells are frequently used in blood component transfusions?

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mismatched blood transfusion can lead to ______ of red blood cells.

    <p>agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the complement system in a transfusion reaction?

    <p>To destroy red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A transfusion reaction can lead to a decrease in bilirubin levels.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying mechanism leading to acute renal failure in post-transfusion reactions?

    <p>The products of hemolysis, particularly free hemoglobin, can cause vasoconstriction of the renal vessels and block the renal tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Physiology

    • Blood transfusions, when the patient has antibodies to the donor's antigens, can cause red blood cell agglutination and lysis.
    • Severe transfusion reactions can be fatal.
    • Some transfusion reactions are well-tolerated and beneficial.
    • Transfusions led to the discovery of red blood cell antigens and cross-matching techniques.
    • Over 30 common red blood cell antigens exist, with many rare ones.
    • Patient and donor blood compatibility is crucial; antigens and antibodies need matching.
    • ABO and Rh blood typing systems are essential for blood transfusions.

    Blood Types

    • Surface antigens (like ABO and Rh) determine blood type.
    • ABO antigens are found on red blood cells and dictate blood types (A, B, AB, O)
    • Each blood type has corresponding antibodies.
    • A blood type has anti-B antibodies.
    • B blood type has anti-A antibodies.
    • AB blood type has no antibodies, and is a universal recipient.
    • O blood type has both anti-A and anti-B, and is a universal donor.

    Early Transfusions

    • Early transfusions led to critical medical discoveries regarding blood transfer.
    • Medical professionals realized that blood transfusions were not as straightforward as initially anticipated.
    • The need to match donor and recipient blood types became evident.

    Blood Typing

    • Blood typing involves testing blood to identify specific antigens.
    • If blood contains antigen A and you add Anti-A then agglutination occurs.
    • If blood contains antigen B and you add Anti-B then agglutination occurs.
    • If blood contains both antigens A & B and you add both Anti-A & Anti-B, then agglutination occurs.
    • If the blood does not agglutinate with either, then the blood type is O.

    Rh Antigens

    • Rh factors are another important consideration in blood transfusions.
    • Requires prior exposure to incompatible blood for a reaction to occur.
    • Six common Rh antigens (C, D, E, c, d, e) exist.
    • The D antigen is particularly important and frequent.
    • 85% of people are Rh+.
    • C & E can also cause mild transfusion reactions.
    • ABO reactions are immediate, while Rh reactions are delayed.

    Anti-Rh Transfusion Reactions

    • Rh+ blood into Rh- recipients can cause a weaker delayed reaction, which includes sensitization.
    • Sensitization occurs when the immune system is activated against Rh+ cells, by the exposure to Rh+ blood.
    • 50% of Rh- are sensitized by a first exposure, and 20% by subsequent.
    • Rh matching is important to prevent immunization.

    Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)

    • In Rh incompatibility, maternal antibodies can cross the placenta and attack fetal red blood cells.
    • This usually doesn't occur in first pregnancies
    • This condition is more worrisome in second pregnancies and subsequent pregnancies.
    • Increased severity with subsequent pregnancies.
    • Immunization can occur due to fetal-maternal bleeding during delivery.

    Hemolytic Disease Treatment

    • Repetitive removal and replacement of Rh+ blood with Rh- blood is one treatment approach.
    • Maternal antibodies can disappear after one to two months, lessening the risks.

    Hemolytic Disease Prevention

    • Exogenous anti-D antibodies can be given to the mother in late pregnancy and after birth, binding to fetal Rh+ cells, preventing an immune response.

    Blood Component Transfusion

    • Single donation amounts to 450 ml of blood.
    • Blood is processed into components like packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and white blood cells.
    • Packed red blood cells are stored for 30-40 days.
    • Plasma (clotting factors) is stored frozen.
    • Platelets are stored for 8-10 days.
    • White blood cells are less commonly used.

    Transfusion Reactions

    • Mismatched blood can lead to transfusion reactions.
    • Recipient antibodies reacting against donor antigens causes agglutination.
    • Reactions can be immediate or delayed.
    • Reactions can include fever, chills, shortness of breath, shock, and renal shutdown.
    • Macrophages process the released hemoglobin to bilirubin, which can cause jaundice if there is high quantities and/or impaired liver function.

    Acute Renal Failure After Transfusion Reaction

    • Products of hemolysis can cause powerful renal vasoconstriction.
    • Immune-mediated circulatory shock is possible.
    • Free hemoglobin leaking into tubules can block them due to high quantities.
    • Hemodialysis may be necessary.

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    Blood Types and Transfusions PDF

    Description

    Explore the critical aspects of blood physiology and types in this quiz. Learn about blood transfusions, compatibility, and the significance of red blood cell antigens, as well as ABO and Rh blood typing systems. Understand how these factors can impact patient outcomes during transfusions.

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