Blood Physiology: ABO and Rh Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of type O blood that makes it a universal donor?

It has antibodies to both A and B glycoproteins

It contains both A and B antibodies

It has both type A and type B antigens

It lacks type A and type B antigens (correct)

Why can people with type AB blood only receive blood from other AB individuals?

Because their red blood cells have both type A and type B antigens (correct)

Because their immune system produces antibodies against both A and B glycoproteins

Because their red blood cells lack type A and type B antigens

Because their blood doesn't contain any antibodies

What is the primary purpose of spinning blood in a centrifuge during a blood transfusion?

To reduce inflammation in the body

To treat all types of anemia

To separate the blood into its different components (correct)

To increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells

What is the main component of the buffy coat layer in blood?

Platelets and immune cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of type O blood that makes it a poor receiver?

It has antibodies to both A and B glycoproteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of blood transfusion?

Component blood transfusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Rh-positive and Rh-negative individuals?

Rh-positive individuals have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Why can Rh-positive individuals receive both Rh-negative and Rh-positive blood?

Because they don't have antibodies against the Rh glycoprotein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes in blood?

To carry oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if an Rh-negative individual receives Rh-positive blood?

They would develop a hemolytic transfusion reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer that forms at the top of the blood after spinning in a centrifuge?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of type AB blood that makes it a good receiver?

It has both type A and type B antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a whole blood transfusion in rare situations?

To replace lost blood due to injury or surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein that determines the Rh blood group?

Rh glycoprotein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a whole blood transfusion and a component blood transfusion?

The type of blood component being transfused Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of receiving blood or blood components through an intravenous infusion?

Blood transfusion Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group type can donate red cells to any other blood type regardless of the rhesus?

Type O negative Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ABO system in blood groups?

To identify the presence or absence of A and B antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals can receive blood from any other ABO blood type regardless of the rhesus?

Type AB positive Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between type A and type B blood groups?

Type A has antibodies against antigen B, while type B has antibodies against antigen A Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood groups has both types of antibodies?

Type O Signup and view all the answers

Which antigen determines the rhesus status of an individual?

D antigen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the ABO system?

Identifying the rhesus status Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cross-matching in blood transfusion?

To ensure compatibility between the donor and recipient blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why people develop antibodies to certain antigens in their blood?

As a response to the antigens not present in their own blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cross-matching blood before a transfusion?

To ensure compatibility between the donor's and recipient's blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood types can receive blood from any other blood type?

Type AB Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reaction that occurs when a person receives blood containing an antigen they don't have?

Hemolytic transfusion reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of antigens on red blood cells into ABO or Rhsystems?

Glycoproteins Signup and view all the answers

Why is blood typing important in transfusion medicine?

To prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions by ensuring compatibility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about type AB blood?

People with type AB blood can receive blood from anyone Signup and view all the answers

What determines an individual's blood group?

The presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Why is it generally not recommended to give Rh positive blood to Rh negative patients?

Because Rh positive blood can trigger an immune response in Rh negative patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cross-matching a donor's blood with the recipient's serum?

To check for agglutination reaction and ensure the blood is safe for the recipient Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an Rh negative patient who receives Rh positive blood in an emergency setting?

They will develop Rh antibodies after the first exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of mixing Anti-A serum with a person's red blood cells and observing an agglutination reaction?

The person has blood type A Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of blood typing?

To prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of possible blood types when combining ABO and Rh classifications?

8 Signup and view all the answers

Why is it safe to give Rh positive blood to an Rh negative patient in an emergency setting, but not in the future?

Because the patient does not have naturally occurring Rh antibodies in an emergency setting Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a person's serum is mixed with the donor's blood and an agglutination reaction occurs during cross-matching?

The recipient's blood contains antibodies against the donor's red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Transfusion

Blood transfusion is a procedure where a person receives whole blood or components of blood through an intravenous infusion.
The blood components separate into three distinct layers when spun in a centrifuge: erythrocytes (red blood cells) at the bottom, buffy coat (platelets and immune cells) in the middle, and plasma at the top.

ABO System

The ABO system is the most important blood group system, determined by the presence or absence of two antigens: A and B.
People with blood group A have antibodies against antigen B, while people with blood group B have antibodies against antigen A.
People with blood group AB have no antibodies to either antigen, and people with blood group O have both types of antibodies.
People with type O blood can donate blood to anyone, but can only receive blood from other type O individuals.
People with type AB blood can receive blood from any blood type, but can only donate blood to other type AB individuals.

Rh System

The Rh system is another major blood group system, determined by the presence or absence of the Rh antigen.
People are either Rh positive (having the antigen) or Rh negative (not having the antigen).
Rh-positive individuals can receive both Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood, but Rh-negative individuals should not receive Rh-positive blood to avoid hemolytic transfusion reactions.

Blood Typing and Crossmatching

Blood typing is a process to identify a person's ABO and Rh status.
Crossmatching is a test to ensure a donor's blood is safe for a recipient to receive, by mixing the recipient's serum with the donor's blood to check for agglutination reactions.
Blood types are reported as ABO group and Rh status (e.g., A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-).

Blood Transfusion Reactions

Hemolytic transfusion reactions occur when the recipient's blood contains antibodies against the donor's red blood cells.
These reactions can be prevented by proper blood typing and crossmatching.

Key Facts

People with type O negative blood can donate red cells to anyone, regardless of Rh status.
People with type O positive blood can donate red cells to any other ABO Rh-positive recipient.
Those with AB positive blood can receive blood from any other ABO, regardless of Rh status.
Those with AB negative blood can receive blood from any other ABO with Rh negative status.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of blood transfusion, including the ABO and Rh systems, and the pathophysiology of transfusion reactions. Students will learn to recognize and identify key concepts in blood physiology.