Podcast
Questions and Answers
What stimulates the production of erythropoietin hormone?
What stimulates the production of erythropoietin hormone?
Which vitamin is crucial for RBC maturation and is primarily found in red meat?
Which vitamin is crucial for RBC maturation and is primarily found in red meat?
Which hormone is known to stimulate the secretion of erythropoietin?
Which hormone is known to stimulate the secretion of erythropoietin?
What is the primary function of the liver in the context of erythropoiesis?
What is the primary function of the liver in the context of erythropoiesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a direct result of anemia in the body?
What is a direct result of anemia in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements correctly defines polycythemia?
Which of the following statements correctly defines polycythemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which nutrient is essential for hemoglobin synthesis and is found in eggs and whole grains?
Which nutrient is essential for hemoglobin synthesis and is found in eggs and whole grains?
Signup and view all the answers
From which source does the majority of erythropoietin hormone originate?
From which source does the majority of erythropoietin hormone originate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of erythropoiesis?
What is the main purpose of erythropoiesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which components are found in a hemoglobin (Hb) molecule?
Which components are found in a hemoglobin (Hb) molecule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell?
What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell?
Signup and view all the answers
How much of the carbon dioxide in the blood is bound to globin?
How much of the carbon dioxide in the blood is bound to globin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal count range of red blood cells in healthy males?
What is the normal count range of red blood cells in healthy males?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement correctly describes the globin structure in hemoglobin?
Which statement correctly describes the globin structure in hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which function is NOT attributed to red blood cells?
Which function is NOT attributed to red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes heme groups found in hemoglobin?
Which of the following accurately describes heme groups found in hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the average count of erythrocytes (RBCs) in a normal blood sample?
What is the average count of erythrocytes (RBCs) in a normal blood sample?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following components is primarily contained in erythrocytes for gas exchange?
Which of the following components is primarily contained in erythrocytes for gas exchange?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one critical feature of erythrocytes that allows them to navigate through capillaries?
What is one critical feature of erythrocytes that allows them to navigate through capillaries?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the structure of erythrocytes?
Which statement accurately describes the structure of erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
What is the role of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to erythrocyte production when leukocytes are affected by chemotherapy?
What happens to erythrocyte production when leukocytes are affected by chemotherapy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic of erythrocytes affects their life span in circulation?
Which characteristic of erythrocytes affects their life span in circulation?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the structure of erythrocytes contribute to their function?
How does the structure of erythrocytes contribute to their function?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Blood Physiology and Pathophysiology
- This presentation covers blood physiology and pathophysiology.
- The course is for the faculty of Pharmacy, Fall 2023, at Galala University.
Objectives
- Students will be able to describe cellular and non-cellular blood components.
- Students will be able to recognize blood functions.
- Students will be able to define erythropoiesis, leucopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis.
- Students will be able to recognize sites of RBC formation across different developmental ages.
- Students will be able to describe different stages of RBC differentiation.
- Students will be able to describe RBC maturation features.
- Students will be able to describe RBC production regulation and erythropoietin hormone secretion in response to hypoxia.
- Students will be able to recognize clinical conditions with high erythropoietin levels in the blood.
Blood Components
- Plasma makes up 55% of blood.
- Blood cells make up 45% of blood.
- Blood cells include three main types:
- Erythrocytes/RBCs
- Leukocytes/WBCs
- Thrombocytes/Platelets
Blood Volume
- In an average 70 kg man, blood volume is 5-6 liters.
- Roughly 8% of total body weight.
- Female: 4-5 liters.
- Male: 5-6 liters.
Hematocrit (PCV)
- Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood.
- Also known as packed cell volume (PCV).
- Average values differ between genders.
Functions of Blood
- Transport: Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products.
- Regulation: Acid-base balance, blood pressure.
- Defense: Against infection (white blood cells and immune system).
- Hemostasis: Stoppage of bleeding (platelets and clotting factors).
Plasma
- Plasma is a yellow, clear liquid.
- On standing, blood clots; the remaining fluid is called serum.
- Serum is plasma lacking clotting factors.
- Plasma is 90% water and 9% organic constituents.
- Plasma also contains inorganic constituents and blood proteins.
Plasma Proteins
- Plasma proteins include:
- Albumin (3.5-5.0 g/dL, liver)
- Globulins (2.5 g/dL, liver and white blood cells)
- Fibrinogen (0.4 g/dL, liver)
- Prothrombin (0.01 g/dL, liver)
Functions of Plasma Proteins
- Albumin- Maintains osmotic pressure and transports hormones.
- Globulins- Transport hormones and fat-soluble vitamins (α and β) and bind to foreign substances (γ).
- Fibrinogen- Converted to fibrin to form blood clots.
- Prothrombin- Plays a role in blood clotting.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Leukocytes (WBCs): 4,000-11,000 per microliter.
- Categories:
- Granulocytes (contain granules
- Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils):
- Agranulocytes (lack granules
- Lymphocytes, monocytes)
Neutrophils
- 40-70% of WBCs.
- 6-9 day development.
- 6 hours-few days life span.
- Function: Phagocytose bacteria
Eosinophils
- 1-4 % of WBCs.
- 6-9 day development.
- 8-12 days Life Span.
- Function: Kill parasitic worms, destroy antigen-antibody complexes.
Basophils
- 0.5% of WBCs.
- 3-7 days development.
- A few hours-few days Life Span.
- Function: Release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, contain heparin.
Lymphocytes
- 20-45% WBCs.
- Development: Days to weeks.
- Life span: Hours to years.
- Function: Mount immune response (T cells direct cell attack, B cells via antibodies).
Monocytes
- 4-8% WBCs.
- 2-3 days development.
- Life span: Months.
- Function: Phagocytosis, develop into macrophages in tissues.
- Role of Leukopenia during chemotherapy
- Cancerous cells grow rapidly. Chemotherapy targets fast-growing cells.
- Chemotherapy also affects normal fast-growing cells, including leukocytes, hair, and intestinal epithelial cells.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs)
- Average: 5 million/mm³.
- Shape: Biconcave disc for gas exchange, flexible for small vessels (capillaries).
- Structure: Hemoglobin (protein binding oxygen and carbon dioxide), no nucleus or mitochondria.
Hemoglobin
- Each molecule consists of four protein chains (globins) and four heme groups.
- Heme groups contain a ferrous ion (Fe²⁺) for oxygen binding.
- Globins comprise two alpha and two beta chains.
- 5% of CO₂ in blood is bound to globin.
Functions of RBCs
- Carry hemoglobin.
- Transport oxygen.
- Transport carbon dioxide.
- Buffer (pH regulation).
- Counts: Males (4.8-5.8 million cells/mm³), Females (4.2-5.2 million cells/mm³).
- Life span: 120 days.
Erythropoiesis
- Process of RBC formation.
- Intrauterine life: Liver and spleen.
- Post-natal life:
- Children: Primarily in the red bone marrow of the axial and appendicular skeleton.
- Adults: Red bone marrow of axial skeleton.
Life Span and Fate of RBCs
- Life span: 120 days.
- Fate: RBCs cannot reproduce. They rupture easily, especially in the spleen.
- Breakdown: Globin (protein metabolism), heme (iron stored in liver as ferritin), and protoporphyrin (yellow bile pigments).
Factors Regulating Erythropoiesis
- Decreased oxygen supply (hypoxia): Stimulates RBC production.
- Erythropoietin (EPO): Hormone produced by the kidney (85%) and liver (15%) to stimulate RBC formation.
Role of Nutrients for Erythropoiesis
- Cobalamin (Vitamin B12): RBC maturation (liver).
- Folic acid: RBC maturation (leaves, fish).
- Vitamin B6: Hemoglobin synthesis (eggs, whole grains, potatoes).
- Amino acids: Nucleoproteins (eggs, meat, milk).
- Vitamin C: Converts folic acid to active form.
- Iron: Essential for hemoglobin synthesis.
Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis
- Hormones:
- Testosterone: Stimulates EPO secretion.
- Thyroid hormones: Increase cell metabolism
- Cortisol: Increases RBC formation.
- Healthy Liver: Forms globin, stores iron and Vitamin B12, produces 15% of erythropoietin.
- Healthy Bone Marrow: Site of erythropoiesis, can be destroyed by irradiation or tumors
Anemias
- Decrease in red blood cell count or hemoglobin concentration.
- Leads to decreased oxygen supply to tissues.
Hemostasis
- Process to stop bleeding.
- Stages:
- Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation (blood clotting)
- Fibrinolysis: Breakdown of fibrin clot by plasmin.
Anticoagulants
- Heparin: Commercial, extracted from animals.
- Coumarins: Warfarin, competitive with vitamin K (decreases factors II, VII, IX, X).
- Oxalate, Citrate, EDTA: Decrease blood calcium ion concentration.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz focuses on the cellular and non-cellular components of blood, their functions, and the processes involved in erythropoiesis, leucopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis. Students will also explore RBC formation and maturation, as well as clinical conditions associated with erythropoietin levels. This content is designed for Pharmacy faculty at Galala University.
