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Questions and Answers
What is another name for a blood group?
What is another name for a blood group?
Blood type
What is the basis for the classification of blood groups?
What is the basis for the classification of blood groups?
Presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells.
What are the types of antigens present on red blood cells?
What are the types of antigens present on red blood cells?
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Glycoproteins
- Glycolipids
- All of the above (correct)
Which blood group system is most significant for human blood transfusions?
Which blood group system is most significant for human blood transfusions?
ABO blood types are only found in humans.
ABO blood types are only found in humans.
What is the term used for antigens due to their ability to cause agglutination of RBCs?
What is the term used for antigens due to their ability to cause agglutination of RBCs?
Who discovered the ABO Blood Group System?
Who discovered the ABO Blood Group System?
In what year was the ABO Blood Group System discovered?
In what year was the ABO Blood Group System discovered?
Who discovered type AB blood?
Who discovered type AB blood?
In what year was Landsteiner awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
In what year was Landsteiner awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
Who is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, O)?
Who is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, O)?
In what year was the four types of blood (A, B, AB, O) first classified?
In what year was the four types of blood (A, B, AB, O) first classified?
Who successfully transfused blood between two people at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York?
Who successfully transfused blood between two people at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York?
Reuben Ottenberg was the first to record pre-transfusion testing for blood compatibility.
Reuben Ottenberg was the first to record pre-transfusion testing for blood compatibility.
In what year was Ottenberg awarded the Karl Landsteiner Award?
In what year was Ottenberg awarded the Karl Landsteiner Award?
What is the Landsteiner Rule?
What is the Landsteiner Rule?
What determines the ABO blood group?
What determines the ABO blood group?
What is the antigen and antibody present in blood group A?
What is the antigen and antibody present in blood group A?
What is the basis of blood grouping?
What is the basis of blood grouping?
What is agglutination?
What is agglutination?
What is isoagglutinin?
What is isoagglutinin?
What is the term for someone giving blood?
What is the term for someone giving blood?
What is considered during blood transfusions?
What is considered during blood transfusions?
The antibody of the donor and antigen of the recipient do not need to be considered during transfusion.
The antibody of the donor and antigen of the recipient do not need to be considered during transfusion.
Red blood cells of blood group O have no antigen.
Red blood cells of blood group O have no antigen.
Why can blood group O be given to any blood group person?
Why can blood group O be given to any blood group person?
What are blood group O people called?
What are blood group O people called?
Plasma of AB group blood has antibodies.
Plasma of AB group blood has antibodies.
Why can AB blood group receive blood from any blood group person?
Why can AB blood group receive blood from any blood group person?
What are AB group people called?
What are AB group people called?
In mismatched transfusion, the transfusion reactions occur between donor's plasma and recipient's RBC.
In mismatched transfusion, the transfusion reactions occur between donor's plasma and recipient's RBC.
Agglutination occurs because the antibodies are diluted in the recipient's blood.
Agglutination occurs because the antibodies are diluted in the recipient's blood.
What is another, more common name for Erythroblastosis Fetalis?
What is another, more common name for Erythroblastosis Fetalis?
Erythroblastosis Fetalis is caused by the agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus's red blood cells.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis is caused by the agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus's red blood cells.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis occurs when the mother is Rh positive and the father is Rh negative.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis occurs when the mother is Rh positive and the father is Rh negative.
What are the symptoms of Erythroblastosis Fetalis in the fetus?
What are the symptoms of Erythroblastosis Fetalis in the fetus?
What are the symptoms of Erythroblastosis Fetalis in the newborn?
What are the symptoms of Erythroblastosis Fetalis in the newborn?
How many major blood group systems were recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) in October 2012?
How many major blood group systems were recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) in October 2012?
Besides the ABO and Rh antigens, only a few other antigens are expressed on red blood cells.
Besides the ABO and Rh antigens, only a few other antigens are expressed on red blood cells.
Many blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered.
Many blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered.
Which of the following is NOT a blood group?
Which of the following is NOT a blood group?
Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood products intravenously.
Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood products intravenously.
What medical conditions are blood transfusions used for?
What medical conditions are blood transfusions used for?
Modern medical practice prefers to transfuse whole blood instead of individual blood components.
Modern medical practice prefers to transfuse whole blood instead of individual blood components.
Who pioneered the first blood transfusion from animal to human?
Who pioneered the first blood transfusion from animal to human?
Who performed the successful first whole blood transfusion to treat haemophilia?
Who performed the successful first whole blood transfusion to treat haemophilia?
Before a blood transfusion, only compatibility needs to be considered.
Before a blood transfusion, only compatibility needs to be considered.
What are the two sources of blood used in transfusions?
What are the two sources of blood used in transfusions?
Autologous transfusions are more common than allogeneic or homologous transfusions.
Autologous transfusions are more common than allogeneic or homologous transfusions.
What is the most common way blood is donated?
What is the most common way blood is donated?
What happens to donated blood after it is collected?
What happens to donated blood after it is collected?
What is the process of separating blood into components called?
What is the process of separating blood into components called?
What are the components of blood that are separated by centrifugation?
What are the components of blood that are separated by centrifugation?
All donated blood is tested for infections
All donated blood is tested for infections
All donated blood is tested for ABO and Rh groups but not antibodies.
All donated blood is tested for ABO and Rh groups but not antibodies.
What is an additional step that is commonly done to donated blood?
What is an additional step that is commonly done to donated blood?
Which of the following conditions are blood transfusions necessary for?
Which of the following conditions are blood transfusions necessary for?
What should the health status of a blood donor be?
What should the health status of a blood donor be?
What are some examples of diseases that a blood donor should be free from?
What are some examples of diseases that a blood donor should be free from?
Only the donor's blood type needs to be considered for transfusion.
Only the donor's blood type needs to be considered for transfusion.
Matching and cross-matching are not necessary before blood transfusions.
Matching and cross-matching are not necessary before blood transfusions.
Rh compatibility is not important before blood transfusions.
Rh compatibility is not important before blood transfusions.
What should the condition of any transfusion apparatus be?
What should the condition of any transfusion apparatus be?
What should the temperature of the blood to be transfused be?
What should the temperature of the blood to be transfused be?
The transfusion of blood should be rapid.
The transfusion of blood should be rapid.
What is the procedure called that involves removing the patient's blood completely and replacing it with fresh blood or plasma from a donor?
What is the procedure called that involves removing the patient's blood completely and replacing it with fresh blood or plasma from a donor?
What is the purpose of exchange transfusion?
What is the purpose of exchange transfusion?
What are some conditions where exchange transfusion is performed?
What are some conditions where exchange transfusion is performed?
Flashcards
What is a presentation?
What is a presentation?
Presentations are a way to communicate information and demonstrate concepts.
What are presentations used for?
What are presentations used for?
Presentations can be used for various purposes, such as teaching, explaining, or persuading.
What are some key features of presentations?
What are some key features of presentations?
Presentations often involve visual aids, such as slides or diagrams, to enhance understanding.
What makes presentations effective?
What makes presentations effective?
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What is the goal of a presentation?
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How do you make a presentation interactive?
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What is crucial for delivering a successful presentation?
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What are the different types of presentations?
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Study Notes
Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions
- Blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids.
- The ABO blood group system is the most important in human blood transfusions.
- The ABO blood group system includes four blood types: A, B, AB, and O.
- Each blood type has a specific combination of antigens and antibodies.
- Blood with antigen A has anti-B antibodies.
- Blood with antigen B has anti-A antibodies.
- Blood with antigens A and B has no antibodies.
- Blood with no antigens has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901.
- Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello discovered blood type AB in 1902.
- Landsteiner received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work.
- Janjsky classified blood into four types in 1907.
- Reuben Ottenberg performed the first blood transfusion between two people in New York at Mount Sinai Hospital and recorded pre-transfusion testing for compatibility in a clinical setting.
- Landsteiner Rule: If an antigen is present on a patient's RBCs, the corresponding antibody will NOT be present in the patient's plasma (under normal conditions).
- Blood grouping is done based on agglutination.
- Agglutination occurs when antigens mix with their corresponding antibodies.
- Compatibility is crucial in blood transfusions; only compatible blood can be used.
- The donor's antigen and recipient's antibody are considered during transfusion.
- O type blood is considered the universal donor.
- AB type blood is considered the universal recipient.
- Transfusion reactions can be mild or severe, involving fever, hives, or leading to renal failure, shock, and death. Factors include: donor's RBC and recipient's plasma
- Other blood group systems include the Rh system.
- The Rh blood group system has 50 defined blood group antigens, with six common types (C, D, E, c, d, and e). D type is most prevalent.
- Rh positive people have the D antigen while Rh negative people do not.
- Erythroblastosis fetalis is a disease in the fetus characterized by agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus's red blood cells. This can occur when the mother is Rh negative and the father is Rh positive, with the resulting baby inheriting the Rh-positive antigen from the father.
- Symptoms may include enlarged liver and spleen or fluid buildup. Newborn symptoms may include anemia, jaundice, and edema.
- Exchange transfusion is a life-saving procedure for conditions like severe jaundice, sickle cell anemia, or erythroblastosis fetalis.
- Donated blood undergoes processing and testing to ensure safety and quality for recipients.
- Tests include those for infections like HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and syphilis, along with ABO and Rh tests to determine blood groups and red blood cell antibodies.
Precautions
- Donors must be healthy and free from specific diseases (e.g., sexually transmitted diseases, viral infections).
Precautions During Transfusion
- Apparatus must be sterile.
- Blood temperature must match body temperature
- Infusion must be slow.
Adverse Effects of Blood Transfusions
- Several adverse effects can occur, grouped into immunological or infectious categories.
- Examples include acute hemolytic reaction, delayed hemolytic reaction, allergic reactions, post-transfusion purpura, transfusion-associated acute lung injury, and viral infections (e.g., HIV, hepatitis C).
Exchange Transfusion
- A procedure removing a patient's blood and replacing it with fresh blood or plasma from a donor.
- Used in life-threatening conditions like severe jaundice, sickle cell anemia, and erythroblastosis fetalis.
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