Blood Overview and Composition
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of administering Anti-D immunoglobulin to an Rh- female?

  • To treat existing antibodies in the mother's blood
  • To prevent the formation of anti-D antibodies (correct)
  • To enhance fetal development
  • To increase the chances of successful pregnancy
  • Which of the following is NOT considered a sensitising event for Rh- women?

  • Routine ultrasound check-up (correct)
  • Miscarriage
  • Ectopic pregnancy
  • Termination of pregnancy
  • What special care is required if sensitisation has occurred in an Rh- mother?

  • Regular monitoring of antibody concentration (correct)
  • No special care needed, normal check-ups apply
  • Immediate delivery of the fetus
  • Administration of antibiotics
  • When is Anti-D immunoglobulin typically administered to an Rh- female?

    <p>Before or immediately after any sensitising events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions requires monitoring for possible fetal transfusions?

    <p>Haemolytic disease of the newborn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do women who are Rh+ not receive Anti-D immunoglobulin?

    <p>They do not produce anti-D antibodies in the first place (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for an Rh- female following abdominal trauma during pregnancy?

    <p>Immediately receive Anti-D immunoglobulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many donors contribute to the Anti-D plasma supply in Australia?

    <p>Close to 200 donors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ABO gene in blood group determination?

    <p>It encodes an enzyme with glycosyltransferase activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group lacks any modification to the glycoprotein?

    <p>O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of anti-Rh antibodies in blood transfusions?

    <p>They react to Rh- blood only if previous exposure has occurred. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Anti-D immunoglobulin during pregnancy for Rh- mothers?

    <p>To neutralize Rh+ antigens from the fetus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ baby?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often are Rh+ blood types found in the general population?

    <p>Over 80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios could lead to the sensitization of an Rh- mother?

    <p>Carrying an Rh+ fetus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Anti-D administered during pregnancy?

    <p>To prevent the mother from developing anti-D antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary basis for determining blood group compatibility?

    <p>Type and number of red blood cell antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Rh factor in blood transfusions?

    <p>It can lead to hemolytic reactions if mismatched. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is anti-D immunoglobulin administered?

    <p>When there is a risk of Rh incompatibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>Antibody-mediated destruction of fetal red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is considered a sensitizing event for Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?

    <p>Blood transfusion from an Rh-positive donor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn?

    <p>Previous pregnancy with an Rh-positive infant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the Rh factor have on blood recipients during transfusions?

    <p>It can lead to the production of antibodies against Rh-positive blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding blood group O in transfusion compatibility?

    <p>It can donate to any blood group without reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Anti-D immunoglobulin

    A medication used to prevent the development of Rh antibodies in Rh-negative individuals.

    Rh-Negative

    A blood type that does not have the Rh antigen.

    Rh Sensitization

    The process where an Rh-negative person develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood.

    Ectopic Pregnancy

    A pregnancy where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube.

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    Miscarriage

    The loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation.

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    Antepartum hemorrhage

    Genital bleeding during the later stages of pregnancy.

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    Haemolytic disease of the newborn

    A condition affecting newborns where maternal antibodies attack fetal blood cells.

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    Anti-D immunoglobulin administration in Rhesus negative women (Rh-)

    Administration should ideally be before procedures that could cause sensitization and as soon as possible afterwards if a sensitization event does occur.

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    ABO Blood Group

    A classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells.

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    A Antigen

    A type of protein found on red blood cells, created by an enzyme that adds N-acetylgalactosamine.

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    B Antigen

    A type of protein found on red blood cells, created by an enzyme that adds galactose.

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    Rh Factor

    Another blood group system that determines if you are Rh positive or Rh negative, based on the presence of a protein on red blood cells.

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    Rh+ blood

    Blood that contains the Rh antigen on the surface of red blood cells.

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    Rh- blood

    Blood that does not contain the Rh antigen on the surface of red blood cells.

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    Blood Group Compatibility

    The crucial importance of matching blood types during transfusions to prevent blood clumping and adverse reactions.

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    Blood composition layers

    Layers of blood as obtained by haematocrit, describing their composition and function.

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    Haemostasis

    The process of stopping bleeding.

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    Blood clotting cascade

    Series of reactions leading to the formation of a blood clot.

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    Erythrocyte production (haematopoiesis)

    The creation of red blood cells.

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    Blood groups

    Categorization of blood based on antigens on red blood cells.

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    Blood plasma solutes

    Dissolved substances in blood plasma.

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    Reticulocyte

    Immature red blood cell; indicator of erythropoiesis.

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    Safe blood transfusion

    Blood transfusion process that avoids adverse reactions.

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    Study Notes

    Blood Overview

    • Blood is a fluid connective tissue, thicker than water and flows more slowly.
    • Blood accounts for 8% of total body weight.
    • Average blood volume in males is 5-6 litres and 4-5 litres in females.
    • Blood temperature is 38°C, and pH is around 7.4 (range 7.35-7.45).

    Blood Composition

    • 55% of blood is plasma, primarily water.
    • 45% of blood is formed elements: 99% red blood cells (erythrocytes), <1% white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes).

    Blood Plasma

    • Over 90% water.
    • Proteins form 7% of plasma, mainly produced in the liver.
      • Albumin maintains osmotic pressure
      • Globulins include antibodies
      • Fibrinogen is involved in blood clotting.
    • Other substances in plasma include electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, and waste products.

    Blood Cells

    • Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):
      • Biconcave disk shape for increased surface area.
      • Contain haemoglobin, giving blood its red colour.
      • No nucleus, allowing more space for haemoglobin.
      • Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    • White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):
      • Granular leukocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils) and agranular leukocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).
      • Involved in immune responses.
    • Platelets (Thrombocytes):
      • Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

    Haemostasis

    • The process of stopping blood loss (bleeding).
      • Vascular spasm (constriction of damaged blood vessels).
      • Platelet plug formation (platelets adhere and aggregate).
      • Blood clotting (coagulation) formation of fibrin threads.
      • Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways for clotting cascade.

    Erythrocyte Production (Haematopoiesis)

    • Occurs in red bone marrow of flat bones (sternum, ribs, skull & pelvis and ends of long bones).
    • Haemocytoblast (stem cell) is responsible for all formed elements.
    • ~100 billion red blood cells/day are produced.
    • Erythrocytes live for ~120 days.
    • Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone critical for erythropoiesis.

    Blood Groups

    • ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups are significant in blood transfusions.
      • Presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells determines blood type.
      • Blood typing avoids incompatible blood transfusions.
      • Mixing incompatible blood can result in agglutination and haemolysis.
    • Rhesus (Rh) factor is another important antigen on red blood cells.
      • Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
      • Anti-Rh antibodies are usually not present, unless the person is exposed to Rh positive blood.

    Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

    • Occurs when a mother's Rh antibodies attack the baby's Rh +ve red blood cells, leading to anaemia and jaundice.
    • Sensitization can occur during pregnancy or other medical procedures.
    • Medical interventions can prevent or manage this disease.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Briefly describe the composition and function of blood layers as obtained by haematocrit.
    • Describe the process of haemostasis and the clotting cascade.
    • Outline erythrocyte production (haematopoiesis).
    • Understand the basis of blood groups and apply to safe transfusion.

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