Blood Overview and Composition
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of administering Anti-D immunoglobulin to an Rh- female?

  • To treat existing antibodies in the mother's blood
  • To prevent the formation of anti-D antibodies (correct)
  • To enhance fetal development
  • To increase the chances of successful pregnancy

Which of the following is NOT considered a sensitising event for Rh- women?

  • Routine ultrasound check-up (correct)
  • Miscarriage
  • Ectopic pregnancy
  • Termination of pregnancy

What special care is required if sensitisation has occurred in an Rh- mother?

  • Regular monitoring of antibody concentration (correct)
  • No special care needed, normal check-ups apply
  • Immediate delivery of the fetus
  • Administration of antibiotics

When is Anti-D immunoglobulin typically administered to an Rh- female?

<p>Before or immediately after any sensitising events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions requires monitoring for possible fetal transfusions?

<p>Haemolytic disease of the newborn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do women who are Rh+ not receive Anti-D immunoglobulin?

<p>They do not produce anti-D antibodies in the first place (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for an Rh- female following abdominal trauma during pregnancy?

<p>Immediately receive Anti-D immunoglobulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many donors contribute to the Anti-D plasma supply in Australia?

<p>Close to 200 donors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ABO gene in blood group determination?

<p>It encodes an enzyme with glycosyltransferase activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group lacks any modification to the glycoprotein?

<p>O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of anti-Rh antibodies in blood transfusions?

<p>They react to Rh- blood only if previous exposure has occurred. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Anti-D immunoglobulin during pregnancy for Rh- mothers?

<p>To neutralize Rh+ antigens from the fetus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ baby?

<p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often are Rh+ blood types found in the general population?

<p>Over 80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios could lead to the sensitization of an Rh- mother?

<p>Carrying an Rh+ fetus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Anti-D administered during pregnancy?

<p>To prevent the mother from developing anti-D antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for determining blood group compatibility?

<p>Type and number of red blood cell antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Rh factor in blood transfusions?

<p>It can lead to hemolytic reactions if mismatched. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is anti-D immunoglobulin administered?

<p>When there is a risk of Rh incompatibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

<p>Antibody-mediated destruction of fetal red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is considered a sensitizing event for Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?

<p>Blood transfusion from an Rh-positive donor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk factor for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn?

<p>Previous pregnancy with an Rh-positive infant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the Rh factor have on blood recipients during transfusions?

<p>It can lead to the production of antibodies against Rh-positive blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding blood group O in transfusion compatibility?

<p>It can donate to any blood group without reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anti-D immunoglobulin

A medication used to prevent the development of Rh antibodies in Rh-negative individuals.

Rh-Negative

A blood type that does not have the Rh antigen.

Rh Sensitization

The process where an Rh-negative person develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood.

Ectopic Pregnancy

A pregnancy where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube.

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Miscarriage

The loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation.

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Antepartum hemorrhage

Genital bleeding during the later stages of pregnancy.

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Haemolytic disease of the newborn

A condition affecting newborns where maternal antibodies attack fetal blood cells.

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Anti-D immunoglobulin administration in Rhesus negative women (Rh-)

Administration should ideally be before procedures that could cause sensitization and as soon as possible afterwards if a sensitization event does occur.

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ABO Blood Group

A classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells.

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A Antigen

A type of protein found on red blood cells, created by an enzyme that adds N-acetylgalactosamine.

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B Antigen

A type of protein found on red blood cells, created by an enzyme that adds galactose.

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Rh Factor

Another blood group system that determines if you are Rh positive or Rh negative, based on the presence of a protein on red blood cells.

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Rh+ blood

Blood that contains the Rh antigen on the surface of red blood cells.

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Rh- blood

Blood that does not contain the Rh antigen on the surface of red blood cells.

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Blood Group Compatibility

The crucial importance of matching blood types during transfusions to prevent blood clumping and adverse reactions.

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Blood composition layers

Layers of blood as obtained by haematocrit, describing their composition and function.

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Haemostasis

The process of stopping bleeding.

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Blood clotting cascade

Series of reactions leading to the formation of a blood clot.

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Erythrocyte production (haematopoiesis)

The creation of red blood cells.

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Blood groups

Categorization of blood based on antigens on red blood cells.

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Blood plasma solutes

Dissolved substances in blood plasma.

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Reticulocyte

Immature red blood cell; indicator of erythropoiesis.

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Safe blood transfusion

Blood transfusion process that avoids adverse reactions.

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Study Notes

Blood Overview

  • Blood is a fluid connective tissue, thicker than water and flows more slowly.
  • Blood accounts for 8% of total body weight.
  • Average blood volume in males is 5-6 litres and 4-5 litres in females.
  • Blood temperature is 38°C, and pH is around 7.4 (range 7.35-7.45).

Blood Composition

  • 55% of blood is plasma, primarily water.
  • 45% of blood is formed elements: 99% red blood cells (erythrocytes), <1% white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes).

Blood Plasma

  • Over 90% water.
  • Proteins form 7% of plasma, mainly produced in the liver.
    • Albumin maintains osmotic pressure
    • Globulins include antibodies
    • Fibrinogen is involved in blood clotting.
  • Other substances in plasma include electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, and waste products.

Blood Cells

  • Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):
    • Biconcave disk shape for increased surface area.
    • Contain haemoglobin, giving blood its red colour.
    • No nucleus, allowing more space for haemoglobin.
    • Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):
    • Granular leukocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils) and agranular leukocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).
    • Involved in immune responses.
  • Platelets (Thrombocytes):
    • Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

Haemostasis

  • The process of stopping blood loss (bleeding).
    • Vascular spasm (constriction of damaged blood vessels).
    • Platelet plug formation (platelets adhere and aggregate).
    • Blood clotting (coagulation) formation of fibrin threads.
    • Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways for clotting cascade.

Erythrocyte Production (Haematopoiesis)

  • Occurs in red bone marrow of flat bones (sternum, ribs, skull & pelvis and ends of long bones).
  • Haemocytoblast (stem cell) is responsible for all formed elements.
  • ~100 billion red blood cells/day are produced.
  • Erythrocytes live for ~120 days.
  • Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone critical for erythropoiesis.

Blood Groups

  • ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups are significant in blood transfusions.
    • Presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells determines blood type.
    • Blood typing avoids incompatible blood transfusions.
    • Mixing incompatible blood can result in agglutination and haemolysis.
  • Rhesus (Rh) factor is another important antigen on red blood cells.
    • Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
    • Anti-Rh antibodies are usually not present, unless the person is exposed to Rh positive blood.

Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

  • Occurs when a mother's Rh antibodies attack the baby's Rh +ve red blood cells, leading to anaemia and jaundice.
  • Sensitization can occur during pregnancy or other medical procedures.
  • Medical interventions can prevent or manage this disease.

Learning Outcomes

  • Briefly describe the composition and function of blood layers as obtained by haematocrit.
  • Describe the process of haemostasis and the clotting cascade.
  • Outline erythrocyte production (haematopoiesis).
  • Understand the basis of blood groups and apply to safe transfusion.

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Description

Explore the essential components of blood, including its composition, temperature, and the different types of blood cells and plasma. This quiz covers the basics of blood as a vital fluid connective tissue and its significance in the human body.

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