IMM Lec 01
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of blood in regulating the composition of interstitial fluid?

  • Maintaining pH balance (correct)
  • Delivering nutrients and hormones
  • Removing waste products
  • Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

  • Defense against pathogens
  • Production of hormones (correct)
  • Heat regulation
  • Transportation of metabolic wastes

    • What is the primary mechanism by which blood regulates the body's temperature?

  • Moving heat away from the core to the skin
  • Dilating blood vessels to release heat
  • Constricting blood vessels to conserve heat
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a constituent of blood?

    <p>Bone Marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of blood cell formation called?

    <p>Hematopoiesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of plasma proteins?

    <p>To maintain osmotic pressure and buffer pH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?

    <p>To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hematocrit?

    <p>The percentage of red blood cells in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibrinogen in blood clotting?

    <p>Fibrinogen is cleaved to form fibrin, which forms a meshwork to trap blood cells and platelets, forming a clot. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a function of blood?

    <p>Production of hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anemia?

    <p>A condition where the blood has too few red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is polycythemia?

    <p>A condition where the blood has too many red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these plasma proteins is responsible for iron transport?

    <p>Transferrin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Functions of Blood

    Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes.

    Constituents of Blood

    Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets, each with specific functions.

    Hematopoiesis

    The process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow.

    Red Blood Cell Function

    Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs.

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    Anemia Symptoms

    Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin due to insufficient red blood cells.

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    Hematocrit

    Percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

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    Plasma Proteins

    Proteins in blood plasma that perform various functions.

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    Colloid Osmotic Pressure

    Pressure that helps retain fluid in the bloodstream.

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    Albumins

    Type of plasma protein that helps maintain osmotic pressure.

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    Fibrinogen

    Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin during blood clotting.

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    Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

    Cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

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    Anemia

    Condition characterized by reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

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    Polycythemia

    Condition characterized by an excess of red blood cells.

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    Study Notes

    Blood and Immune System - Intro and Red Blood Cells

    • Blood Functions: Transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes. Regulates interstitial fluid composition (pH, ions, water). Restricts fluid loss at injury sites (blood clotting). Defends against toxins and pathogens. Regulates body temperature.
    • Blood Volume: 5 Liters in a 70 kg male, 4 liters in a 58 kg female.
    • Blood Constituents: Plasma (46-63%) and formed elements (37-54%).
    • Hematocrit: Percentage of total blood volume occupied by packed, centrifuged red blood cells. Normal values: 40-54% for males, 37-47% for females.
    • Plasma Composition: Primarily water (92%). Contains amino acids, proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin), glucose, lipids, trace elements/vitamins, and gases (O2, CO2), and nitrogenous wastes. Most plasma proteins are produced by the liver.

    Plasma Protein Functions

    • General: Generate colloid osmotic pressure; buffer pH.
    • Specific:
      • Albumins: Maintain colloid osmotic pressure; carriers.
      • Globulins (α and β): Clotting factors, enzymes, carriers. Globulins (γ): Antibodies
      • Fibrinogen: Cleaved to form fibrin during blood clotting.
      • Transferrin: Iron transport.

    Formed Elements

    • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): 99.9% of cellular elements. Biconcave disk shape. Essentially bags filled with hemoglobin and enzymes for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. ~5 million RBCs per microliter of blood.
    • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): 0.1% of cellular elements. Include lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.
    • Platelets: Fragments of cells involved in blood clotting.
    • Differentiation count: Lymphocytes (20-40%), phagocytes (2-8%), granulocytes (50-70%).

    Hematopoiesis

    • Origin: In embryos, blood cells form in the yolk sac, liver, spleen and bone marrow. After birth, blood cell formation occurs in bone marrow.
    • Location (adults): Bone marrow of pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium, and proximal ends of long bones.
    • Process: Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into various progenitor cells, leading to the maturation of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
    • Bone marrow composition: 25% erythrocytes, 75% leukocytes developing.
    • Cytokine Regulation: Cytokines (e.g., erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors) regulate hematopoiesis.

    Red Blood Cell Structure and Function

    • Structure: Biconcave discs, filled with hemoglobin and enzymes.
    • Function: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    • Hemoglobin: Contains iron, composed of globin (alpha and beta chains) and heme; contains oxygen molecules for transport to other body tissues. ~270 million molecules/ RBC.

    Red Blood Cell Production

    • Erythropoiesis: Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates erythrocyte production in response to low oxygen levels.
    • Requirements: Iron, vitamin B12 and folate are essential for this process.

    Red Blood Cell Removal

    • Life span: ~120 days.
    • Mechanism: Old or damaged red blood cells are removed by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
    • Breakdown products: Hemoglobin is broken down, iron is conserved, heme is converted to bilirubin, and eliminated in bile (feces) and urine.

    Anemia

    • Definition: Reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen due to low red blood cell count/low hemoglobin.
    • Symptoms: Tiredness, weakness, pale skin, headaches, dizziness.
    • Causes:
      • Low Production: Stem cell damage (aplastic), insufficient nutrients (iron, folate, B12), low erythropoietin.
      • High Removal: Genetic defects in RBC proteins, parasitic infections, drug-induced, autoimmune reactions, and chronic bleeding (hemolytic or hemorrhagic).

    Polycythemia

    • Definition: Hematocrit is too high (typically >~54%).
    • Symptoms: Increased blood viscosity, which can lead to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.
    • Causes: Abnormal erythrocyte precursors, low oxygen levels.

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    Related Documents

    2025 PSL301H Blood and Immune System PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential functions and components of blood, including its role in transporting gases, regulating fluid composition, and defending against pathogens. Learn about the significance of red blood cells, hematocrit values, and plasma composition. This quiz covers important aspects of blood physiology and its critical functions in the body.

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