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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate concentration of white blood cells (WBCs) in a healthy adult human's blood?
What is the approximate concentration of white blood cells (WBCs) in a healthy adult human's blood?
Which type of white blood cells is most abundant in the human blood?
Which type of white blood cells is most abundant in the human blood?
What is the average number of red blood cells (RBCs) per mL of blood in healthy men?
What is the average number of red blood cells (RBCs) per mL of blood in healthy men?
What is the normal range of platelets in each mL of blood?
What is the normal range of platelets in each mL of blood?
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What characteristic of red blood cells (RBCs) allows them to be flexible enough to pass through capillaries?
What characteristic of red blood cells (RBCs) allows them to be flexible enough to pass through capillaries?
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Which of the following blood typing systems is mentioned in the content?
Which of the following blood typing systems is mentioned in the content?
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What percentage of eosinophils is normally found in adult human blood?
What percentage of eosinophils is normally found in adult human blood?
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How do high altitude residents typically differ in terms of red blood cell count?
How do high altitude residents typically differ in terms of red blood cell count?
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What is the primary antigen responsible for causing immunization in an Rh-negative mother when carrying an Rh-positive fetus?
What is the primary antigen responsible for causing immunization in an Rh-negative mother when carrying an Rh-positive fetus?
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What procedure may be repeated several times during the first few weeks of life to prevent kernicterus in neonates?
What procedure may be repeated several times during the first few weeks of life to prevent kernicterus in neonates?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the inheritance of Rh antigens?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the inheritance of Rh antigens?
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What is the main consequence if the D antigen is present in an Rh-negative mother?
What is the main consequence if the D antigen is present in an Rh-negative mother?
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When is the administration of anti-D immunoglobulin typically recommended for expectant mothers?
When is the administration of anti-D immunoglobulin typically recommended for expectant mothers?
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Which organ is primarily responsible for the formation of blood in adults?
Which organ is primarily responsible for the formation of blood in adults?
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What is the role of Rh immunoglobulin in preventing erythroblastosis fetalis?
What is the role of Rh immunoglobulin in preventing erythroblastosis fetalis?
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Which of the following bones does NOT typically participate in blood formation in adults?
Which of the following bones does NOT typically participate in blood formation in adults?
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What is the major function of red blood cells (RBCs)?
What is the major function of red blood cells (RBCs)?
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Which blood type is considered a universal donor?
Which blood type is considered a universal donor?
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Which blood type can receive blood from any other type?
Which blood type can receive blood from any other type?
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What does the presence of agglutinins (antibodies) in serum determine?
What does the presence of agglutinins (antibodies) in serum determine?
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What role does carbonic anhydrase play in red blood cells?
What role does carbonic anhydrase play in red blood cells?
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Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is true?
Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is true?
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Which of the following blood types has no antibodies present in its serum?
Which of the following blood types has no antibodies present in its serum?
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What percentage of hemoglobin leaks into tissue spaces or glomerular filtrate during circulation?
What percentage of hemoglobin leaks into tissue spaces or glomerular filtrate during circulation?
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What is the primary site of red blood cell production after the age of 20?
What is the primary site of red blood cell production after the age of 20?
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What type of stem cell initiates the process of hematopoiesis?
What type of stem cell initiates the process of hematopoiesis?
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At what age does the bone marrow of long bones stop producing red blood cells?
At what age does the bone marrow of long bones stop producing red blood cells?
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What reaction occurs upon the second exposure to the D antigen for someone who has developed antibodies?
What reaction occurs upon the second exposure to the D antigen for someone who has developed antibodies?
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Which of the following bones continues to produce red blood cells as a person ages?
Which of the following bones continues to produce red blood cells as a person ages?
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Why might there be no reaction during the first exposure to the D antigen?
Why might there be no reaction during the first exposure to the D antigen?
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What causes the bone marrow to become less productive with age?
What causes the bone marrow to become less productive with age?
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Which of the following accurately describes committed stem cells in hematopoiesis?
Which of the following accurately describes committed stem cells in hematopoiesis?
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What initiates the formation of prothrombin activator?
What initiates the formation of prothrombin activator?
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Which factor is specifically referred to as the antihemophilic factor B?
Which factor is specifically referred to as the antihemophilic factor B?
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What role does thrombin play in the clotting process?
What role does thrombin play in the clotting process?
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What is required for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?
What is required for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?
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Which factor is known as the plasma thromboplastin component?
Which factor is known as the plasma thromboplastin component?
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What is the total time period for the polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin after thrombin is activated?
What is the total time period for the polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin after thrombin is activated?
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Which factor is also known as the Stuart factor?
Which factor is also known as the Stuart factor?
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Which term describes prothrombin in the clotting process?
Which term describes prothrombin in the clotting process?
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What is the primary cause of secondary polycythemia?
What is the primary cause of secondary polycythemia?
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What condition results from Rh-positive red blood cells being attacked by antibodies from an Rh-negative mother?
What condition results from Rh-positive red blood cells being attacked by antibodies from an Rh-negative mother?
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Which of the following describes primary polycythemia?
Which of the following describes primary polycythemia?
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When does blood viscosity increase significantly, reaching up to ten times that of water?
When does blood viscosity increase significantly, reaching up to ten times that of water?
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What happens to the red blood cell count in secondary polycythemia due to chronic hypoxia?
What happens to the red blood cell count in secondary polycythemia due to chronic hypoxia?
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What is the primary role of erythropoietin in the context of low oxygen levels?
What is the primary role of erythropoietin in the context of low oxygen levels?
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Which of the following is a consequence of erythroblastosis fetalis in the fetus?
Which of the following is a consequence of erythroblastosis fetalis in the fetus?
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What physiological condition leads to an increase in erythropoietin production?
What physiological condition leads to an increase in erythropoietin production?
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Study Notes
Blood
- Blood comprises plasma and cellular components
- Plasma accounts for ~55% of blood volume
- Cellular components include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
- Erythrocytes are responsible for oxygen transport
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) defend against infection
- Platelets initiate blood clotting (hemostasis)
Plasma Components
- Proteins (2%): include immunoglobulins (antibodies) and clotting factors
- Electrolytes: ions like Na+, K+, Cl-
- Nutrients: amino acids, fats, glucose, vitamins, minerals
- Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide
- Water: ~92% of plasma volume
Cellular Components: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Agranulocytes: do not contain granules in their cytoplasm
- Lymphocytes: crucial for immune responses, subdivided into B-lymphocytes (humoral immunity) and T-lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity), monocytes become macrophages in tissues, which are phagocytes
- Granulocytes: contain granules in their cytoplasm
- Basophils: release histamine in inflammation
- Neutrophils: phagocytic, crucial for bacterial infections
- Eosinophils: vital for allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Cellular Components: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Biconcave discs, flexible for capillary passage
- Crucial for oxygen transport via hemoglobin
- Average lifespan of 120 days; destroyed in the spleen
- ABO blood groups are determined by antigens on their surface (A, B, or O)
- Rh factor (positive/negative) is another crucial blood type system
Cellular Components: Platelets
- Cell fragments crucial for hemostasis (blood clotting)
- Short lifespan of ~8-12 days
- Vital for blood clotting to prevent bleeding
Hematopoiesis
- Blood cell formation occurs in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells
- Different stages exist for various blood cell types
- Kidneys produce erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production
Blood Typing
- ABO blood types (A, B, AB, O) are categorized by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on erythrocytes; O has neither.
- Rh factor (positive or negative) is categorized by the presence or absence of the Rh D antigen on the erythrocytes
- ABO and Rh factors are important in blood transfusions
Anemia
- Condition characterized by insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin
- Causes include blood loss, kidney disease, nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folate) etc.
Polycythemia
- Condition caused by over-production of red blood cells
- Causes include chronic hypoxia, and genetic abnormalities
Pregnancy and Blood
- Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus can lead to erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease) affecting the fetal red blood cells
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Description
Explore the essential components of blood, including plasma and cellular elements. Learn about the roles of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in maintaining health and immunity. Understand the significance of plasma proteins, nutrients, and electrolytes in blood composition.
