Blood Components and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate concentration of white blood cells (WBCs) in a healthy adult human's blood?

  • 300,000 per mL
  • 5 million per mL
  • 7000 per mL (correct)
  • 150,000 per mL

Which type of white blood cells is most abundant in the human blood?

  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • Eosinophils

What is the average number of red blood cells (RBCs) per mL of blood in healthy men?

  • 3,500,000
  • 4,700,000
  • 5,200,000 (correct)
  • 6,000,000

What is the normal range of platelets in each mL of blood?

<p>150,000 to 450,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of red blood cells (RBCs) allows them to be flexible enough to pass through capillaries?

<p>Biconcave shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood typing systems is mentioned in the content?

<p>ABO (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of eosinophils is normally found in adult human blood?

<p>2.3% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do high altitude residents typically differ in terms of red blood cell count?

<p>Greater RBC count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary antigen responsible for causing immunization in an Rh-negative mother when carrying an Rh-positive fetus?

<p>D antigen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure may be repeated several times during the first few weeks of life to prevent kernicterus in neonates?

<p>Removal of the neonate's own blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the inheritance of Rh antigens?

<p>Each person has one of each pair of Rh antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence if the D antigen is present in an Rh-negative mother?

<p>It can result in the formation of anti-D antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the administration of anti-D immunoglobulin typically recommended for expectant mothers?

<p>At 28 to 30 weeks of gestation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for the formation of blood in adults?

<p>Bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Rh immunoglobulin in preventing erythroblastosis fetalis?

<p>It reduces maternal antibodies against Rh antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones does NOT typically participate in blood formation in adults?

<p>Skull (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of red blood cells (RBCs)?

<p>Transport hemoglobin which carries oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered a universal donor?

<p>Type O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type can receive blood from any other type?

<p>Type AB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of agglutinins (antibodies) in serum determine?

<p>The blood type of the recipient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does carbonic anhydrase play in red blood cells?

<p>Catalyzes the reaction forming carbonic acid from CO2 and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is true?

<p>It must remain inside RBCs to function effectively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood types has no antibodies present in its serum?

<p>Type AB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of hemoglobin leaks into tissue spaces or glomerular filtrate during circulation?

<p>3% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of red blood cell production after the age of 20?

<p>Membranous bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cell initiates the process of hematopoiesis?

<p>Hematopoietic Pluripotential Stem Cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the bone marrow of long bones stop producing red blood cells?

<p>20 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction occurs upon the second exposure to the D antigen for someone who has developed antibodies?

<p>Severe and immediate reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones continues to produce red blood cells as a person ages?

<p>Vertebrae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might there be no reaction during the first exposure to the D antigen?

<p>Antibodies take time to develop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the bone marrow to become less productive with age?

<p>Increase in fatty tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes committed stem cells in hematopoiesis?

<p>They include Colony Forming Units (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the formation of prothrombin activator?

<p>Damage to blood vessel or special substances in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is specifically referred to as the antihemophilic factor B?

<p>Factor IX (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does thrombin play in the clotting process?

<p>Causes polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?

<p>Sufficient amounts of ionic calcium (Ca2+) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is known as the plasma thromboplastin component?

<p>Factor IX (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total time period for the polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin after thrombin is activated?

<p>10 to 15 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is also known as the Stuart factor?

<p>Factor X (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes prothrombin in the clotting process?

<p>Precursor to thrombin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of secondary polycythemia?

<p>Low oxygen levels stimulating erythropoietin production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from Rh-positive red blood cells being attacked by antibodies from an Rh-negative mother?

<p>Erythroblastosis fetalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes primary polycythemia?

<p>Genetic condition leading to excessive RBC production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does blood viscosity increase significantly, reaching up to ten times that of water?

<p>With excessive production of red blood cells in polycythemia vera (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the red blood cell count in secondary polycythemia due to chronic hypoxia?

<p>It typically rises to 6 to 7 million/mm3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of erythropoietin in the context of low oxygen levels?

<p>To increase red blood cell production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of erythroblastosis fetalis in the fetus?

<p>Severe anemia and possible death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition leads to an increase in erythropoietin production?

<p>Hypoxia in body tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ABO Blood Types

A classification system for human blood types based on the presence of antigens on red blood cells.

Blood Type O

Blood type with no A or B antigens.

Blood Type AB

Blood type with both A and B antigens.

Blood Type A

Blood type with A antigen.

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Blood Type B

Blood type with B antigen.

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Antigens

Molecules on the surface of red blood cells that determine blood type.

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Antibodies (Agglutinins)

Proteins in the blood plasma that react with specific antigens.

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Universal Donor

Blood type O, which lacks A and B antigens and can be safely given to any blood type.

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WBC count

The average number of white blood cells (WBCs) per milliliter (mL) of blood in an adult is approximately 7000.

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Neutrophils (%)

Neutrophils constitute approximately 62% of the total white blood cells in a healthy adult.

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Eosinophils (%)

Eosinophils account for about 2.3% of the total white blood cells.

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Platelets count range

The normal platelet count in blood ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 per mL, with an average of 300,000.

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RBC Shape

Red blood cells (RBCs) have a biconcave disc shape, which allows for flexibility.

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RBC Flexibility

The biconcave shape allows RBCs to squeeze through narrow capillaries.

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Normal RBC count (Men)

The average Red Blood Cell (RBC) count in healthy adult men is 5,200,000 per cubic mm.

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Normal RBC count (Women)

The average Red Blood Cell (RBC) count in healthy adult women is 4,700,000 per cubic mm.

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Prothrombin Activator Formation

A substance created from damaged blood vessels or components, essential for converting prothrombin into thrombin.

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Prothrombin to Thrombin Conversion

The process where prothrombin, an inactive protein, is transformed by prothrombin activator into thrombin, a key enzyme for blood clotting.

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Ionic Calcium (Ca2+)

A crucial mineral required alongside prothrombin activator for converting prothrombin to thrombin.

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Thrombin's Role

Thrombin acts as a catalyst, accelerating the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin fibers, the building blocks of a blood clot.

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Fibrinogen to Fibrin

Fibrinogen, a soluble blood protein, transforms into fibrin, a fibrous insoluble protein, forming the mesh-like structure of a blood clot.

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Factor VIII

A clotting factor crucial for the intrinsic pathway, also known as Antihemophilic Factor (AHF) or Antihemophilic Globulin (AHG).

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Factor IX

A clotting factor vital for the intrinsic pathway, also known as Plasma Thromboplastin Component (PTC), Christmas Factor, or Antihemophilic Factor B.

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Factor X

A clotting factor crucial for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. It's also known as Stuart Factor or Stuart-Prower Factor.

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Erythroblastosis fetalis

A serious condition where an Rh-negative mother's antibodies attack Rh-positive red blood cells in the fetus, leading to anemia and potential death.

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Polycythemia

An abnormally high number of red blood cells in the blood.

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Secondary Polycythemia

Increased red blood cell production caused by conditions like low oxygen levels (hypoxia).

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Primary Polycythemia (Polycythemia Vera)

A genetic disorder where the bone marrow produces excessive red blood cells without a known trigger.

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Hypoxia

A state of low oxygen in the body's tissues.

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Erythropoietin

A hormone produced mainly by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

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What causes secondary polycythemia?

Conditions that lead to low blood oxygen levels (such as high altitudes, lung diseases, or heart failure), trigger the kidneys to produce erythropoietin, which increases red blood cell production.

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What are the potential complications of polycythemia?

Increased blood viscosity (thickness) due to the high number of red blood cells can lead to problems like blood clots, stroke, and heart attacks.

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Rh Blood Group

A blood group system based on the presence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells. Individuals with the Rh antigen are Rh positive, those without it are Rh negative.

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Rh Incompatibility

A condition where a Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. This can lead to the mother developing antibodies against the fetus's Rh antigen.

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Rh Immunoglobulin Globulin

An anti-D antibody given to Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy to prevent sensitization to the Rh antigen.

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How does Rh Immunoglobulin Work?

Rh immunoglobulin globulin binds to the Rh-positive fetal red blood cells that enter the mother's bloodstream, preventing the mother's immune system from recognizing and attacking the Rh antigen.

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Exchange Transfusion

A procedure where a newborn's Rh-positive blood is replaced with Rh-negative donor blood to reduce bilirubin levels and prevent kernicterus.

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Kernicterus

A serious neurological condition that can result from high levels of bilirubin in the blood, especially in newborns.

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Where is Red Blood Cell Formation in Adults?

In adults, red blood cells are produced primarily in the bone marrow of the proximal ends of long bones (like the humerus and femur), the sternum, ribs, and vertebrae.

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What is hematopoiesis?

The process of blood cell formation, taking place mostly in the bone marrow.

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Bone marrow: Production site of blood cells

Bone marrow, a spongy tissue within bones, is the birthplace of blood cells throughout most of a person's lifespan.

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Location of RBC production in adults

In adults, most red blood cells (RBCs) are produced in the marrow of membranous bones, like the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and ilia.

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Stem cells

These are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into various blood cell types.

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Hematopoietic Pluripotential Stem Cell

The most unspecialized stem cell in the bone marrow, with the potential to develop into all types of blood cells.

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Committed stem cells

These stem cells have already chosen a specific blood cell lineage, such as red blood cells or white blood cells.

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Rh positive blood

Blood type with the D antigen present on red blood cells.

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Rh negative blood

Blood type lacking the D antigen on red blood cells.

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Study Notes

Blood

  • Blood comprises plasma and cellular components
  • Plasma accounts for ~55% of blood volume
  • Cellular components include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
  • Erythrocytes are responsible for oxygen transport
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells) defend against infection
  • Platelets initiate blood clotting (hemostasis)

Plasma Components

  • Proteins (2%): include immunoglobulins (antibodies) and clotting factors
  • Electrolytes: ions like Na+, K+, Cl-
  • Nutrients: amino acids, fats, glucose, vitamins, minerals
  • Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide
  • Water: ~92% of plasma volume

Cellular Components: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  • Agranulocytes: do not contain granules in their cytoplasm
    • Lymphocytes: crucial for immune responses, subdivided into B-lymphocytes (humoral immunity) and T-lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity), monocytes become macrophages in tissues, which are phagocytes
  • Granulocytes: contain granules in their cytoplasm
    • Basophils: release histamine in inflammation
    • Neutrophils: phagocytic, crucial for bacterial infections
    • Eosinophils: vital for allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Cellular Components: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

  • Biconcave discs, flexible for capillary passage
  • Crucial for oxygen transport via hemoglobin
  • Average lifespan of 120 days; destroyed in the spleen
  • ABO blood groups are determined by antigens on their surface (A, B, or O)
  • Rh factor (positive/negative) is another crucial blood type system

Cellular Components: Platelets

  • Cell fragments crucial for hemostasis (blood clotting)
  • Short lifespan of ~8-12 days
  • Vital for blood clotting to prevent bleeding

Hematopoiesis

  • Blood cell formation occurs in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells
  • Different stages exist for various blood cell types
  • Kidneys produce erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production

Blood Typing

  • ABO blood types (A, B, AB, O) are categorized by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on erythrocytes; O has neither.
  • Rh factor (positive or negative) is categorized by the presence or absence of the Rh D antigen on the erythrocytes
  • ABO and Rh factors are important in blood transfusions

Anemia

  • Condition characterized by insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin
  • Causes include blood loss, kidney disease, nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folate) etc.

Polycythemia

  • Condition caused by over-production of red blood cells
  • Causes include chronic hypoxia, and genetic abnormalities

Pregnancy and Blood

  • Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus can lead to erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease) affecting the fetal red blood cells

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