Blood Lifecycle Overview
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Questions and Answers

What form of iron must Fe3+ be converted to for absorption in the small intestine?

  • Fe2+ (correct)
  • Heme iron
  • Ferritin
  • Fe4+

    • Which protein primarily stores iron in the liver?

  • Transferrin
  • Ferritin (correct)
  • Hemoglobin
  • Albumin

    • Which condition causes jaundice due to destruction of red blood cells?

  • Post-hepatic jaundice
  • Pre-hepatic jaundice (correct)
  • Hepatic jaundice
  • Obstructive jaundice

    • What hormone regulates the release of iron from ferritin when needed?

    <p>Hepcidin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common cause of aplastic anemia?

    <p>Bone marrow dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia results from insufficient iron replacement leading to small and pale erythrocytes?

    <p>Microcytic hypochromic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blockage causes post-hepatic jaundice?

    <p>Gallstones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic pigmentation of skin and eyes seen in jaundice?

    <p>Yellowish/orangish pigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage in development is the primary site of blood cell production located in the liver?

    <p>Fetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones are primarily responsible for blood cell production by the mid-20s?

    <p>Ribs, vertebrae, sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of erythrocyte production?

    <p>Pluripotent stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do erythrocytes typically live before being destroyed?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does erythropoietin (EPO) play in erythrocyte production?

    <p>Increases proerythroblast production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured by the hematocrit?

    <p>Percentage of red blood cells in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is likely to raise the hematocrit level?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of exercise training on hematocrit?

    <p>Can improve blood oxygen capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

    <p>To bind oxygen molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to heme groups as red blood cells are broken down?

    <p>They are converted into bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of increasing plasma volume in relation to hematocrit?

    <p>It reduces hematocrit levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is unconjugated bilirubin?

    <p>Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of hemoglobin is responsible for oxygen binding?

    <p>Heme groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to conjugated bilirubin after being metabolized by the liver?

    <p>It is secreted into bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is bilirubin ultimately eliminated from the body?

    <p>As part of urine or feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the iron from the heme group during the breakdown of hemoglobin?

    <p>It is recycled or stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign may indicate a more severe condition related to internal bleeding?

    <p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of Deep Vein Thrombosis in the affected limb?

    <p>Asymmetrical appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for developing Deep Vein Thrombosis?

    <p>Regular physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom might a patient with Deep Vein Thrombosis report that could indicate migration of a clot?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When managing a patient suspected of having a Deep Vein Thrombosis, what is the correct action?

    <p>Refer to a specialist immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>It converts fibrinogen into fibrin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is involved in the process of fibrinolysis?

    <p>Plasminogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from excessive thrombosis or insufficient fibrinolysis?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of endothelial injury leading to thrombosis?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) during fibrinolysis?

    <p>To convert plasminogen to plasmin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between thrombosis and fibrinolysis?

    <p>They are in constant balance affecting each other's rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition illustrates the consequence of excessive fibrinolysis?

    <p>Abnormal bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism can contribute to hypercoagulability?

    <p>Inherited forms of clotting disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a result of insufficient B12 and folic acid in erythroblast maturation?

    <p>Failure of nuclear maturation and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Destruction of erythrocytes faster than they are produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to dilutional anemia?

    <p>Increased plasma volume during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of anemia on cardiovascular function?

    <p>Increased cardiac output to maintain blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of thrombosis?

    <p>Endothelial cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokines released by platelets during primary hemostasis?

    <p>To attract other platelets to the site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tissue factor contribute to coagulation during thrombosis?

    <p>Activates a cascade of coagulation factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding hemophilia related to coagulation factors?

    <p>It causes abnormal function in specific coagulation factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Lifecycle

    • Blood cell production sites change with age:
      • Fetus: Primarily liver
      • Infant: All bones
      • Adults (mid 20s+): Ribs, vertebrae, sternum, tibia, and humerus. Production depends on bone marrow fat content.
    • Erythrocyte (red blood cell) development:
      • Pluripotent stem cell (nucleated)
      • Proerythroblast
      • Erythroblasts (various stages, progressively less basophilic)
      • Reticulocyte (first without a nucleus, short-lived, with remnants); its release increases in acute anemia.
      • Erythrocyte (mature red blood cell, ~120 days lifespan).
    • Erythrocyte fate:
      • Live ~120 days
      • Metabolically active; enzymes maintain cell membrane and hemoglobin integrity, transport of ions
      • Destroyed by macrophages; hemoglobin is broken down into bilirubin, and iron is recycled to bone marrow by transferrin
      • Self-destruction in the spleen.
    • Erythropoietin (EPO):
      • Released by the kidneys (and possibly other tissues) in response to low oxygen levels
      • Stimulates erythroblast (red blood cell precursor) production
      • Progression through developmental stages is accelerated.

    Hematocrit

    • Normal range:
      • Females: 35-45
      • Males: 40-50
    • Measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. Factors influencing it:
      • Red blood cell formation / destruction
      • Plasma volume (hydration)

    Hemoglobin

    • Function: Binds oxygen molecules
    • Structure: 4 heme groups (each with an iron ion) and 4 globin molecules.
    • Metabolism: Hemoglobin is broken down by macrophages. Globins are recycled, and heme is broken down into biliverdin (green), then bilirubin (yellow) which is either eliminated in feces (as stercobilin, leading to brown feces) or urine (as urobilin, leading to yellow/amber color). Iron is recycled.

    Iron Metabolism

    • Iron intake: Absorbed in the small intestine as ferrous (Fe2+) iron (from animal products) or ferric (Fe3+) iron (from plant products).
    • Metabolism: Ferric iron is converted to ferrous iron before absorption.
    • Transport: Bound to transferrin protein in the blood.
    • Storage: Stored in ferritin and hemosiderin, with bone marrow as a primary uptake location for hemoglobin production.
    • Release: Iron is released during need for hemoglobin production.

    Jaundice

    • Yellowish discoloration of the skin and sclera due to excess bilirubin. This is caused by several underlying mechanisms.

    Anemia

    • Various types of anemia exist, including blood loss anemia (hemorrhagic- acute or chronic), aplastic anemia (bone marrow dysfunction), megaloblastic anemia (defective red blood cell maturation due to lack of B12 or folic acid), hemolytic anemia (red blood cell destruction), dilutional anemia, and more.

    Blood Clotting

    • Thrombosis:
      • Endothelial cell injury
      • Vasoconstriction
      • Primary hemostasis (platelet activation and aggregation)
      • Secondary hemostasis (coagulation cascade activation). The formation of a fibrin mesh.
    • Fibrinolysis: Breakdown of clots. Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) is crucial in this process.
    • Factors influencing blood clots:
      • Abnormal blood flow (stasis or turbulence)
      • Endothelial injury

    Risk Factors for Thrombosis

    (Note: Information is organized by risk factor rather than separate categories as requested.)

    • Prothrombotic environment (family history, chronic inflammation, infectious disease, or certain medical conditions).
    • Long periods of immobilization (prolonged sitting or travel/driving).
    • Dehydration. Certain medications or high risk medical states can also contribute.

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    Blood (Week 8) Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate lifecycle of blood cells, including the production sites that change from fetus to adult and the stages of erythrocyte development. Understand the roles of erythropoietin and the fate of mature red blood cells. This quiz delves into hematology and the physiological processes involved in blood cell formation and maintenance.

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