Blood Histology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin?

  • It causes the formation of more red blood cells.
  • It reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. (correct)
  • It leads to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
  • It enhances the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

How does the affinity of carbon monoxide for hemoglobin compare to that of oxygen?

  • Carbon monoxide binds with much higher affinity than oxygen. (correct)
  • Carbon monoxide binds with lower affinity than oxygen.
  • Carbon monoxide binds with equal affinity as oxygen.
  • Carbon monoxide does not bind to hemoglobin.

What term is used to describe the form of hemoglobin when carbon monoxide binds to it?

  • Methemoglobin
  • Carboxyhemoglobin (correct)
  • Oxyhemoglobin
  • Deoxyhemoglobin

What condition can result from the reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen due to carbon monoxide exposure?

<p>Hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the form of carboxyhemoglobin when carbon monoxide is present?

<p>Dangerous and abnormal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms when carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin?

<p>Carbaminohaemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components make up the bulk of blood?

<p>Plasma and red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbaminohaemoglobin?

<p>Transporting carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to hemoglobin when it binds with carbon monoxide?

<p>It creates carboxyhemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is involved when carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs?

<p>Expiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does poikilocytosis refer to?

<p>Variation in the shape of erythrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of hemoglobin is primarily responsible for oxygen transport in arterial blood?

<p>Oxyhemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does poikilocytosis impact erythrocyte function?

<p>Reduces ability to navigate blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does oxyhemoglobin primarily carry?

<p>Oxygen from the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of abnormal erythrocyte shapes?

<p>Impaired blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide?

<p>Carbaminohemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do abnormalities like poikilocytosis have on oxygen transport?

<p>They decrease oxygen transport efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal function of oxyhemoglobin?

<p>To carry oxygen from lungs to the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by an increase in WBC count?

<p>Leucocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte is primarily involved in the phagocytosis of bacteria?

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is defined by a decrease in WBC count?

<p>Leukopenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of agranulocyte?

<p>Eosinophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for coordinating the immune response?

<p>T Cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of eosinophils?

<p>Involvement in allergic reactions and parasitic infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basophils release which substance during allergic reactions?

<p>Histamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are platelets derived from?

<p>Megakaryocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type primarily participates in forming platelet plugs during clotting?

<p>Platelets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition would you expect to find neutropenia?

<p>Increased risk of infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural killer (NK) cells are types of which leukocyte?

<p>Lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main role do monocytes serve in the immune system?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte is most involved in the defense against parasitic infections?

<p>Eosinophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte is primarily involved in releasing cytokines?

<p>Monocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hematopoietic stem cells located in the bone marrow?

<p>Production of all blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is NOT commonly found in blood plasma?

<p>Hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape do erythrocytes (red blood cells) primarily exhibit to optimize their function?

<p>Biconcave disc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon where red blood cells vary significantly in size?

<p>Anisocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes in the human body?

<p>120 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which staining method is used to visualize blood cells in a laboratory setting?

<p>Diff-Quik (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leukocytes are produced from the lymphoid lineage?

<p>Lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by larger-than-normal erythrocytes?

<p>Macrocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary liquid component of blood that makes up about 55% of its volume?

<p>Plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of erythrocytes?

<p>Anucleate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of albumin in blood?

<p>Fluid balance and osmotic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following abnormalities is associated with megaloblastic anemia?

<p>Macrocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the blood is primarily responsible for clotting?

<p>Fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of producing blood cells?

<p>Hematopoiesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Poikilocytosis

The variation in the shape of red blood cells.

Oxyhemoglobin

The form of hemoglobin that carries oxygen in the blood. Predominant in arterial blood, transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues.

Carbaminohemoglobin

The form of hemoglobin that carries carbon dioxide in the blood. It's a byproduct of cellular respiration.

Microcytosis

A condition where red blood cells are abnormally small.

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Macrocytosis

A condition where red blood cells are abnormally large.

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Hypochromia

A condition where red blood cells are abnormally pale due to low hemoglobin levels.

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Hemoglobin

A protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen.

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Oxygen transport system

A complex system of red blood cells and their components involved in carrying oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide.

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CO2 transport

The process of transporting carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body's tissues to the lungs for exhalation.

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HbCO (Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide)

A compound formed when carbon monoxide (CO) binds to hemoglobin, preventing oxygen from binding.

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Blood

The fluid that circulates throughout the body, carrying nutrients, oxygen, and waste products.

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Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation, occurring in the bone marrow.

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Carboxyhaemoglobin

A molecule formed when carbon monoxide (CO) binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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Hematopoietic Stem Cells

A type of stem cell that gives rise to all the different blood cells.

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Hypoxia

The condition of having an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood.

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Erythroid Lineage

One of the major lineages of blood cells, consisting of red blood cells (RBCs).

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Affinity

The ability of a molecule to bind to a specific site on a molecule or cell.

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Myeloid Lineage

One of the major lineages of blood cells, consisting of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and monocytes.

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

A poisonous gas that can be produced by incomplete combustion, such as in car exhaust.

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Lymphoid Lineage

One of the major lineages of blood cells, consisting of lymphocytes (B and T cells).

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Plasma

The liquid portion of blood, making up 55% of its volume.

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Plasma Proteins

Important proteins found in plasma, contributing to various functions like fluid balance and immunity.

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Fibrinogen

A type of plasma protein essential for blood clotting.

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Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Red blood cells, responsible for oxygen transport in the body.

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Anucleate

The lack of a nucleus in mature red blood cells.

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Non-mitotic

The inability of mature red blood cells to divide, as their function focuses on oxygen carriage.

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Lifespan of RBCs

The average lifespan of a red blood cell, after which they are recycled.

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Biconcave Disc Shape

The characteristic biconcave shape of red blood cells, increasing their surface area for oxygen exchange.

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Anisocytosis

The variation in size of red blood cells, often seen in certain conditions.

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Macrocytes

Red blood cells that are larger than normal, sometimes indicating a condition like iron deficiency anemia.

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What is Leukopenia?

A decrease in the number of white blood cells (WBCs), which can indicate a weakened immune system or issues with bone marrow function.

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What is Leucocytosis?

An increase in the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood, often a sign of infection, inflammation, or certain types of cancer.

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What are Neutrophils?

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that is responsible for engulfing and destroying bacteria, foreign particles, and cellular debris. They are the first responders to infection.

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What are Eosinophils?

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that is responsible for defending against parasitic infections and allergic reactions. They release chemicals that target these threats.

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What are Basophils?

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that is involved in inflammatory responses and releases histamine during allergic reactions. They play a role in triggering the body's defense mechanisms.

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What are Monocytes?

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that forms in the bone marrow and later differentiates into macrophages. They play a key role in the immune response.

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What are NK Cells?

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that is responsible for recognizing and destroying infected or cancerous cells. They are a critical part of the body's natural defense system.

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What are T Cells?

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that plays a crucial role in the immune response. They are responsible for coordinating immune responses and directly attacking infected cells.

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What are B Cells?

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that is responsible for producing antibodies. These antibodies help the body fight off infections by attaching to and neutralizing pathogens.

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What are Lymphocytes?

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that is essential for adaptive immunity. They are responsible for recognizing specific antigens and mounting a tailored immune response against them.

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What are Platelets?

Small cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes that are essential for blood clotting. They help to stop bleeding by forming platelet plugs and releasing factors that activate the coagulation cascade.

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What are Leukocytes?

The collective term for all the white blood cells (WBCs) in the body. They play a critical role in the immune system by defending against pathogens and maintaining overall health.

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What are Granulocytes?

A group of white blood cells (WBCs) that have granules in their cytoplasm. These granules contain substances that can be released to help fight off infection or inflammation.

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What are Agranulocytes?

A group of white blood cells (WBCs) that do not have granules in their cytoplasm. They are involved in adaptive immunity and include lymphocytes and monocytes.

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What is Phagocytosis?

The process by which certain cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, engulf and destroy foreign particles or microorganisms.

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Study Notes

Blood Histology

  • Blood Components: Blood consists of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
  • Plasma: Contains water, proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), hormones, electrolytes, and waste products
  • Formed Elements: Red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs): Anucleated, biconcave discs, carry oxygen, lifespan of 120 days, recycled by macrophages
  • RBC Shape and Size: Biconcave shape maximizes surface area for gas exchange; anisocytosis (variations in size) and poikilocytosis (variations in shape) can indicate certain diseases.
  • Hemoglobin: Protein within RBCs that carries oxygen (oxyhemoglobin), carbon dioxide (carbaminohemoglobin), and carbon monoxide(carboxyhemoglobin). Binding affinity for oxygen determines the amount of oxygen transported.
  • Leukocytes (WBCs): Nucleated cells, part of the immune system
  • Agranulocytes: Lack granules in their cytoplasm - Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages, perform phagocytosis. - Lymphocytes: Include T cells (immune response coordination), B cells (antibody production), and NK cells (natural killer cells).
  • Granulocytes: Contain granules in their cytoplasm - Neutrophils: Bacterial defense (phagocytosis) - Eosinophils: Allergic reactions and parasitic infections - Basophils: Release histamine during allergic reactions
  • Platelets: Small cell fragments, crucial for blood clotting
  • Staining Methods: Diff-Quik (fast differential stain) using Romanowsky-type dyes. Red dyes stain acidic components, while blue dyes stain basic components. Methanol used as fixative.
  • Haematopoiesis: The production of all blood cells in bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into various lineages (erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid)
  • Blood Cell Counts: Variations such as leukocytosis (>WBC) often indicate infection, and leukopenia (<WBC) may indicate immunodeficiency

Types of Blood Cell Anomalies

  • Anisocytosis: Variation in the size of red blood cells
  • Poikilocytosis: Variation in the shape of red blood cells

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Blood Histology Mind Map PDF

Description

Explore the intricate composition of blood, including plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Learn about the functions, structures, and characteristics of these components, as well as their roles in oxygen transport and the immune response.

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