Blood Histology Mind Map PDF

Hematopoietic Stem Cells located in bone marrow the production of all blood cells **Haematopoiesis**...

Hematopoietic Stem Cells located in bone marrow the production of all blood cells **Haematopoiesis** Erythroid (RBCs) These stem cells differentiate into various Myeloid (Granulocytes, Monocytes) lineages Lymphoid (Lymphocytes) Albumin Caries important Proteins Globulins Fibrinogen Plasma (liquid portion) 55% of blood volume Hormones Electrolytes Waste Products Anucleate allowing more space for hemoglobin Non-mitotic Non-mitotic: RBCs do not divide Blood Histology Lifespan: 120 days then recycled by macrophages in the spleen and liver Fixative: Methanol solution (preserve blood smears by dehydrating cells and fixing them Mind Map Larger-than-normal RBCs are referred to as macrocytes onto the slide) Diameter: 7-8 µm (macrocytosis), while smaller ones are microcytes **Diff-Quik** (fast and differential stain) **Staining Methods** provides a large surface area relative to volume, optimizing gas Biconcave disc shape (↑Surface/Volume) exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and flexibility for travel Red Dye (Acidic components) **Romanowsky-type dyes** through capillaries Used to visualize blood cells Blue Dye (Basic components) This can occur in conditions like iron deficiency **Erythrocytes (RBCs)** **Anisocytosis** (Size variation) anemia or megaloblastic anemia, where erythrocytes exhibit significant size differences Abnormalities may be seen in diseases like sickle cell anemia or hereditary spherocytosis. These **Poikilocytosis** (Shape variation) abnormalities affect the ability of erythrocytes to travel through blood vessels and perform their oxygen transport function Hemoglobin bound to oxygen (HbO2). This **Oxyhaemoglobin** (O2 transport) form is predominant in arterial blood, carrying oxygen from the lungs to tissues. Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide (HbCO2). Hemoglobin forms **Carbaminohaemoglobin** (CO2 transport) CO2 binds to the globin portion and is carried **Blood**: consist of two main back to the lungs for expiration components Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide (HbCO). This is a dangerous and abnormal form because carbon monoxide binds with much **Carboxyhaemoglobin** (CO binding) higher affinity than oxygen, reducing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen and leading to hypoxia. Leucocytosis (↑WBC count) increase in the number of WBCs, often indicative of infection, inflammation, or certain cancers Leukopenia (↓WBC count) A decrease in WBC count, which can suggest immunodeficiency or bone marrow suppression Differentiate into macrophages **Monocytes** They Phagocytosis Agranulocytes T Cells (Immune response coordination) B Cells (Antibody production) **Lymphocytes** **Leukocytes (WBCs)** Formed Elements NK Cells (Natural killer cells) **Neutrophils** Bacterial defense (phagocytosis) Participates in Allergic reactions **Eosinophils** Granulocytes and Parasitic infections Involved in inflammatory responses **Basophils** Release histamine during allergic reactions small cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes **Platelets** Involved in blood clotting by forming platelet plugs and releasing factors that activate the coagulation cascade sis ↑WBC count / ↓WBC count penia eg: neutropenia, neutropisis