Blood Groups: Lewis Antigens and Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the genotype of an individual who is Leb positive?

  • Lele/SeSe
  • Sese/Sese
  • Lele/Lele
  • Lele/Sese (correct)

What is the frequency of the Le(a-b+) phenotype in the Black population?

  • 55% (correct)
  • 6%
  • 72%
  • 22%

What is the characteristic of MN antigens that makes them useful in paternity testing?

  • They are found on glycophorin B
  • They are easily destroyed by enzymes
  • They are poorly developed at birth
  • They are codominant alleles (correct)

What is the amino acid residue at position 1 of the N antigen?

<p>Leucine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Lewis antibodies that makes them useful in identifying other antibodies in serum?

<p>They can be neutralized using commercially prepared Lewis substance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the interaction between the Le gene and the Se gene on the Lewis phenotype?

<p>The Le gene and the Se gene interact to produce a unique phenotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Lewis gene (Le) in the Lewis blood group system?

<p>Codes for the production of fucosyltransferase enzyme 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do erythrocytes acquire the Lewis phenotype?

<p>By adsorbing Lewis substances from the plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the Lewis antigen?

<p>It is soluble and found in plasma and saliva (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Leb antigen?

<p>It is the receptor for Helicobacter pylori (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the secretor status?

<p>The Se gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of an individual who does not produce any Lewis antigen?

<p>lele (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules are Lewis antigens found in secretions?

<p>Glycoproteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the H gene in the Lewis blood group system?

<p>It produces the ability to secrete H antigen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the lele genotype on Lewis antigen expression?

<p>It does not produce any Lewis antigen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fucosyltransferase enzyme?

<p>It converts the precursor material to Lea substance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of bacterium associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease that the Leb antigen is a receptor for?

<p>Helicobacter pylori (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Lewis antigens that distinguishes them from other blood group antigens?

<p>They are soluble and found in plasma and saliva (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of an individual who has both the Lea and Leb antigens on their red cells?

<p>Lele/Lele (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the MN antigens that makes them susceptible to destruction?

<p>They are easily destroyed or removed by enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of the Le(a-b-) phenotype in the White population?

<p>6% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the Lewis antibodies that makes them activate the complement?

<p>They can cause in vivo and in vitro hemolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amino acid residue at position 5 of the M antigen?

<p>Glycine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the interaction between the Le gene and the Se gene on the Lewis phenotype?

<p>The Le gene and the Se gene are codominant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

On which chromosome are the GE antigens inherited?

<p>Chromosome 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a high-incidence antigen in the Gerbich Blood Group System?

<p>Ge2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the phenotype characterized by the absence of all GE antigens and a change in electrolyte morphology in the form of elliptocytosis?

<p>Leach phenotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antigen is carried by decay accelerating factor (DAF) and is involved in the regulation of complement activation?

<p>Cra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of anti-Ge2 and anti-Ge3 antibodies?

<p>They are naturally occurring and can cause acute transfusion reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antigens is a low-incidence antigen in the Gerbich Blood Group System?

<p>Wb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the general population that has the Yta high-incidence antigen?

<p>99.8% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

On which protein is the Xga antigen carried?

<p>A protein with cell adhesion properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of the Xg' antigen in females?

<p>89% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of anti-Dia and anti-Dib antibodies?

<p>IgG, red cell-stimulated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the gene that codes for the Xg allele?

<p>Short arm of the X chromosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Sc-1, -2, -3 rare null phenotype?

<p>Found in the Marshall Islands and New Guinea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the CD147 protein, which carries the OK blood group antigens?

<p>Immune adhesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antigen is carried on the glycerol transporter aquaporin 3 (AQP3)?

<p>GIL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Anti-Vel antibodies?

<p>IgG and causes in vitro hemolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which HLA antigen is detectable on RBCs?

<p>HLA-B7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the feature of High-Incidence Antigens unrelated to Principal Blood Group Systems?

<p>Occurring in 99.9% of the population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Antibodies to High-Frequency Antigens?

<p>Exhibiting high-titer, low-avidity reactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the antigen found on the hematopoietic isoform of the CD44 marker?

<p>Ina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antigen is found on the glycoprotein CD108?

<p>JMH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG)?

<p>Essential for Rh antigen expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antigen is known to cause severe immediate HTRs and HDFN?

<p>Ata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lewis Blood Group System: Le gene

The presence of the Le gene, along with the Se gene, determines whether an individual is Leb positive.

Lewis Blood Group System: Acquired antigens

Lewis antigens are not directly synthesized on erythrocytes, but acquired from plasma.

Lewis Blood Group System: Forms of Lewis antigens

Lewis antigens exist as soluble glycoproteins in secretions and glycolipids in plasma.

Lewis Blood Group System: Anti-Lea and Anti-Leb antibodies

Antibodies like Anti-Lea and Anti-Leb are typically IgM and can trigger complement activation, leading to hemolysis.

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Lewis Phenotype: Le (a+b-)

The Le (a+b-) phenotype is found in approximately 22% of Whites and 23% of Blacks.

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Lewis Phenotype: Le (a-b+)

The Le (a-b+) phenotype occurs in approximately 72% of Whites and 55% of Blacks.

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Lewis Phenotype: Le (a-b-)

The Le (a-b-) phenotype is less common, occurring in about 6% of Whites and 22% of Blacks.

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Lewis Phenotype: Le (a+b+)

The Le (a+b+) phenotype is rare in both Whites and Blacks.

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MNSs Blood Group System: MN antigens

MN antigens are found on glycophorin A and differ in their amino acid composition (M: serine and glycine; N: leucine and glutamate).

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MNSs Blood Group System: Codominant antigens

Both M and N antigens are expressed equally if present, exhibiting codominance.

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MNSs Blood Group System: Enzymatic destruction

Both M and N antigens are easily destroyed by enzymes.

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MNSs Blood Group System: Dosage effect

The system displays dosage effects, which are relevant in paternity testing.

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Gerbich Blood Group System: Antigens

This system includes high incidence antigens (Ge2, Ge3, Ge4) and low incidence antigens (Wb, Lsa, Ana, Dha), expressed on glycophorins C and D.

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Gerbich Blood Group System: Anti-Ge2 and Anti-Ge3 antibodies

Antibodies like Anti-Ge2 and Anti-Ge3 are naturally occurring and can cause transfusion reactions.

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Cromer Blood Group System: High Incidence Antigens

The Cromer system has high incidence antigens such as Cra, Tca, Dra, and Esa.

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Cromer Blood Group System: Antibody involvement

Antibodies like anti-Wb and anti-Lsa are IgG and implicated in transfusion reactions but not in HDFN.

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Diego Blood Group System: Dia antigens

Dia antigens have significance in studying Mongolian ancestry and are located on the anion exchange molecule AE-1.

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Diego Blood Group System: Anti-Dia and Anti-Dib Antibodies

Both anti-Dia and anti-Dib are IgG and react in the indirect antiglobulin test.

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Cartwright Blood Group System: Anti-Wra Antibodies

Anti-Wra antibodies are IgG, immune-stimulated, and react in blood group testing.

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Xg Blood Group System: Xga antigen

The Xga antigen has different frequencies between sexes, with 89% of females and 66% of males expressing it.

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Scianna Blood Group System: Anti-Sc antibodies

Anti-Sc antibodies can cause transfusion reactions.

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Clinical Relevance of Antibodies: High-frequency antibodies

High-frequency antibodies like Anti-Ch and Anti-Rga are generally clinically insignificant.

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Clinical Relevance of Antibodies: Anti-Vel antibodies

Anti-Vel antibodies can cause severe transfusion reactions.

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High-Incidence vs Low-Incidence Antigens: High-incidence antigens

High-incidence antigens are found in over 99.9% of the population, examples include Augustine and Vel.

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High-Incidence vs Low-Incidence Antigens: Low-incidence antigens

Low-incidence antigens occur in less than 1% of the population; examples include Wright (Swa) and By (Mta).

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Antibody Characteristics: Clinically significant antibodies

Clinically significant antibodies typically react in indirect testing.

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Antibody Characteristics: Naturally occurring antibodies

Naturally occurring antibodies are often IgM, while immune-stimulated antibodies tend to be IgG.

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Antibody Characteristics: Complement binding

Some antibodies can bind complement and cause hemolysis, while others are labile or enhance in response to infections.

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Antibody Types: Warm antibodies

Warm antibodies react at body temperature and are significant in transfusions.

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Antibody Types: Cold antibodies

Cold antibodies react at lower temperatures and can indicate certain conditions like infectious mononucleosis.

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Study Notes

Lewis Blood Group System

  • Individuals with at least one Le gene and one Se gene are Leb positive.
  • Lewis antigens are acquired by erythrocytes from plasma, not membrane-bound.
  • Lewis antigens exist as soluble glycoproteins (in secretions) and glycolipids (in plasma).
  • Anti-Lea and Anti-Leb antibodies are typically IgM and can activate complement leading to hemolysis.

Lewis Phenotypes and Frequencies

  • Le (a+b-) phenotype is found in 22% (Whites) and 23% (Blacks).
  • Le (a-b+) phenotype occurs in 72% (Whites) and 55% (Blacks).
  • Le (a-b-) phenotype is less common, at 6% (Whites) and 22% (Blacks).
  • Le (a+b+) phenotype is rare in both populations.

MNSs Blood Group System

  • MN antigens are present on glycophorin A and vary amino acid residues (M: serine and glycine; N: leucine and glutamate).
  • Both M and N antigens are codominant and easily destroyed by enzymes.
  • The system shows dosage effects relevant in paternity testing.

Gerbich Blood Group System

  • Composed of high incidence (Ge2, Ge3, Ge4) and low incidence (Wb, Lsa, Ana, Dha) antigens, expressed on glycophorins C and D.
  • Anti-Ge2 and Anti-Ge3 antibodies are naturally occurring and can cause transfusion reactions.

Cromer Blood Group System

  • High incidence antigens include Cra, Tca, Dra, and Esa.
  • Antibodies like anti-Wb and anti-Lsa are IgG and implicated in transfusion reactions but not in HDFN.

Diego Blood Group System

  • Dia antigens are significant in the study of Mongolian ancestry; located on anion exchange molecule (AE-1).
  • Both anti-Dia and anti-Dib are IgG and reactive in the indirect antiglobulin test.

Other Minor Blood Groups

  • Cartwright System: Antibodies (anti-Wra) are IgG, immune-stimulated, and react in testing.
  • Xg System: Xga antigen has a different frequency between sexes (89% females, 66% males).
  • Scianna System: Anti-Sc antibodies can cause transfusion reactions.

Clinical Relevance of Antibodies

  • High frequency antibodies (Anti-Ch, Anti-Rga) are generally clinically insignificant.
  • Anti-Vel can cause severe transfusion reactions.
  • Antibodies can be naturally occurring and vary in their reactivity.

High-Incidence vs Low-Incidence Antigens

  • High-incidence antigens manifest in over 99.9% of the population (e.g., Augustine, Vel).
  • Low-incidence antigens show less than 1% occurrence; examples include Wright (Swa) and By (Mta).

Antibody Characteristics

  • Clinically significant antibodies typically react in indirect testing.
  • Naturally occurring antibodies may be IgM, whereas immune-stimulated antibodies tend to be IgG.
  • Some antibodies bind complement and can cause hemolysis, while others are labile or enhance in response to infections.

Summary of Antibody Types

  • Warm antibodies: React at body temperature; significant in transfusions.
  • Cold antibodies: React at lower temperatures; can indicate certain conditions like infectious mononucleosis.

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Description

Learn about the Lewis antigen system, its production, and characteristics. Understand how erythrocytes acquire the Lewis phenotype and the differences between Lewis antigens and other blood groups.

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