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Questions and Answers
What do agglutinogens in red blood cells indicate?
What do agglutinogens in red blood cells indicate?
Which blood group can have the genotype OO?
Which blood group can have the genotype OO?
What is the primary method to determine a person's blood group?
What is the primary method to determine a person's blood group?
What percentage of the population has O+ blood type?
What percentage of the population has O+ blood type?
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What determines whether a person is Rh-positive or Rh-negative?
What determines whether a person is Rh-positive or Rh-negative?
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What condition is characterized by the agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus's red blood cells?
What condition is characterized by the agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus's red blood cells?
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Which statement correctly describes the incidence of erythroblastosis fetalis with respect to the number of pregnancies?
Which statement correctly describes the incidence of erythroblastosis fetalis with respect to the number of pregnancies?
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What is the purpose of administering anti-D antibody to expectant mothers?
What is the purpose of administering anti-D antibody to expectant mothers?
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What is the recommended treatment for a newborn diagnosed with erythroblastosis fetalis?
What is the recommended treatment for a newborn diagnosed with erythroblastosis fetalis?
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What happens to the hemoglobin released from hemolyzed red blood cells in the fetus?
What happens to the hemoglobin released from hemolyzed red blood cells in the fetus?
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Study Notes
Blood Groups
- RBC cell membrane contains agglutinogens (antigens)
- Blood plasma contains agglutinins (antibodies)
- Classification of blood groups (based on agglutinogens):
- ABO system
- Rh system
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ABO System: Classified by presence or absence of specific antigens (A, B)
- Type O: Universal donor, no antigens, no clumping
- Type A: Antigen A, antibody anti-B
- Type B: Antigen B, antibody anti-A
- Type AB: Antigens A & B, no antibodies, universal recipient, no clumping
Blood Transfusion Importance of ABO System
- The ABO system's importance lies in blood compatibility during transfusions
- Individuals must receive blood with compatible antigens to avoid harmful clumping reactions.
The Inheritance of A and B Antigens
- Blood type is genetically determined by two genes, one from each parent
- Possible genotypes for blood groups:
- A: AA or AO
- B: BB or BO
- AB: AB
- O: OO
Determining Blood Groups
- Blood grouping is done by adding agglutinins (anti-A and anti-B) to blood samples
- Agglutination (clumping) indicates the presence of a specific antigen
- Observing the presence or absence of clumping with each agglutinin determines blood type
Blood Group Incidences
- O+ is the most common blood type, followed by A+, B+, and AB+
- O- is the least common blood type, followed by A-, B-, and AB-
Rh System (Rhesus System)
- Rh factor: an antigen on red blood cells
- Rh positive individuals have the Rh antigen, Rh negative do not
- There are other Rh antigens (C, D, and E) but D is the most antigenic
- Rh incompatibility can lead to complications during blood transfusions or pregnancies
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
- A condition where a mother's Rh antibodies attack the fetus's red blood cells
- Occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus
- The mother's immune system is sensitized, producing anti-Rh antibodies
Incidence of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- Primarily affects the second or later pregnancies of Rh-negative mothers
- First pregnancy is typically unaffected, but subsequent pregnancies have increased risk
Pathogenesis of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- Anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack the fetal red blood cells
- This leads to hemolysis (breakdown) of the red blood cells, releasing hemoglobin and causing jaundice
Treatment of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- Exchange transfusion is used to remove the baby's Rh-positive blood and replace it with Rh-negative blood
Prevention of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- Administering anti-D antibodies (RhoGAM) to Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy prevents sensitization
Blood Transfusion
-
Indications:
- Restore whole blood loss (>20%)
- Restore specific blood components (e.g., RBCs, platelets, plasma proteins)
-
Precautions:
- Ensure donor and recipient blood compatibility (cross-matching)
- Rh-negative individuals should not receive Rh-positive blood
- Transfused blood must be free of infections (AIDS, hepatitis)
-
Blood Transfusion Complications:
- Transmission of infectious disease (AIDS, hepatitis, malaria)
- Massive transfusion causing circulatory overload
- Allergic reactions from incompatible blood components
- Transfusion reactions occur when mismatched blood is infused (clumping and hemolysis)
Blood Lab Values (Packed Cell Volume, PCV, or Hematocrit, HCT)
- Ratio of packed red blood cells to total blood volume
- PCV = (Length of RBC column / Length of total blood column) x 100
- Normal values:
- Males: 40-45%
- Females: 37-40%
- Newborns: 50-60%
Causes of High and Low Hematocrit
- High Hematocrit: Dehydration, burns, diarrhea, polycythemia vera, low oxygen tension (smoking, altitude)
- Low Hematocrit: Anemia, blood loss, bone marrow failure, hemolysis, leukemia
Blood Indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC)
- Used to classify types of anemia
- MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume (size of RBCs)
- MCH: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (amount of Hb in RBCs)
- MCHC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (concentration of Hb in RBCs)
Normal Values for Blood Indices
- MCV: 78-98 μm³
- MCH: 27-32 pg
- MCHC: 30-35 g/dL
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of blood groups with this quiz. You will learn about the ABO and Rh systems, the genetics behind blood types, and the importance of blood compatibility in transfusions. Test your knowledge and understanding of how blood types are determined and their implications in medical scenarios.
