ABO Blood Group System Quiz

The presence of anti-A antibodies in the patient's serum.

The ABO blood group system is the most important in transfusion practice.

AB

<p>Landsteiner's Law states that individuals with a certain blood group antigen will have antibodies against the opposite antigen. This relationship is a hallmark of the ABO blood group system, where individuals have antibodies against antigens not present on their red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect the presence of ABO antibodies in the patient's serum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bernstein's Theory states that genes are inherited from both parents, with each gene occupying a specific locus on a chromosome. The ABO blood group system follows this theory with three possible alleles (A, B, and O) located at the long arm of chromosome 9.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 4+ reaction indicates a strong agglutination with one solid aggregate and a clear background, while a 1+ reaction shows small agglutinates with a turbid background.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three possible alleles are A, B, and O. The O allele is considered silent because it does not express an antigen on the red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human source 4%-5% red cell suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In codominance, both alleles are fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that reflects both alleles distinctly. In the ABO blood group system, if both A and B alleles are present, both antigens are expressed, leading to blood type AB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood Type A: AA, AO; Blood Type B: BB, BO; Blood Type AB: AB; Blood Type O: OO</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ulex europaeus or Lotus tetragonolobus, inhibited by L-fucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine for Ulex europaeus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals inherit the genes for A, B, and O antigens. The presence or absence of these antigens dictates the production of antibodies directed against the missing antigens. This is why individuals with blood type A have anti-B antibodies, type B have anti-A, type AB have neither, and type O have both anti-A and anti-B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indirectly identifies the blood type by detecting the antibodies present in the serum rather than the antigens on the red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This indicates the patient has blood type O.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the ABO blood group system, antigens are found on the red blood cells and antibodies are present in the serum. The reciprocal relationship refers to the predictable pairing of antigens and antibodies, where an individual will possess antibodies against the antigens they lack. For example, a person with blood type A will have antibodies against the B antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with blood type A possess the A antigen on their red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in their plasma. They can receive blood type A because it has the same antigen (A) and does not trigger an immune response. They can also receive type O blood as it lacks both A and B antigens, so it won't trigger an immune response. However, receiving blood type B or AB would introduce the B antigen, which their anti-B antibodies would recognize as foreign, leading to a potentially life-threatening immune reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The H antigen acts as a precursor substance for the formation of the A and B antigens. It is a molecule present on red blood cells that can be modified by specific enzymes to create either the A antigen or the B antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formation of the A antigen involves the addition of the sugar N-acetyl-D-galactosamine to the H antigen by the enzyme α-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. This enzyme is encoded by the A gene and is responsible for attaching the specific sugar that defines the A antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 chains are primarily found in plasma and are linked by β1,3 glycosidic linkages, while Type 2 chains are located on erythrocyte precursors and are linked by β1,4 glycosidic linkages. Both types can be modified to express the H, A, or B antigens, but the specific location and linkage of the sugar chains play a role in their interactions with other molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hh gene codes for the enzyme fucosyltransferase, which attaches L-fucose to the precursor substance, creating the H antigen. Individuals with the recessive hh genotype cannot produce the H antigen, preventing the formation of A or B antigens, resulting in the Bombay phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ABO antigens are detected and identified through agglutination reactions, usually performed with commercially available antisera containing antibodies against the A, B, or H antigens. Blood samples are mixed with each antiserum, and if the corresponding antigen is present, agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells occurs, indicating a positive reaction and identifying the blood type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the ABO blood group system is crucial for safe blood transfusions. Compatibility between the donor and recipient's blood types must be established to prevent transfusion reactions. Transfusions with mismatched blood types can result in immune responses, leading to potentially life-threatening complications like hemolysis and organ damage. Accurate blood typing ensures the delivery of compatible blood that minimizes the risk of adverse reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ABO blood group system is determined by three alleles: A, B, and O. These alleles control the production of glycosyltransferases, which attach specific sugars to the H antigen. Alleles A and B are codominant, meaning both are expressed if present, while the O allele is recessive. Genotypes such as AA, AO, and BB, BO express the A or B phenotype, respectively. OO genotype results in type O blood, while AB genotype expresses both A and B antigens, resulting in type AB blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RBC antigens can be glycolipids, glycoproteins, or glycosphingolipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The predominant antibody type is IgM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detectable titers of ABO antibodies can be observed at 3-6 months of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The H antigen serves as a precursor for the synthesis of ABO antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secreted ABO antigens are primarily synthesized on type 1 precursor chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The optimum temperature for ABO antibody activation is 21˚C or colder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The production of ABO antibodies begins at birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The H enzyme is crucial for the synthesis of the H antigen, a precursor for ABO antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both Anti-A and Anti-B reagents are monoclonal antibodies and are IgM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interpretation is that the blood type is AB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates that the blood type is O.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-A (IgM) and Anti-B (IgM) as well as Anti-AB (IgG).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clear yellow colored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood group B and O produce naturally occurring antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits α-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and relates to Anti-Tn and Anti-Cad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Griffonia simplicifolia α-D-galactose (BS I) exhibits specificity for anti-B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A1 reacts positively with both Anti-A and Anti-A1, while A2 reacts positively with Anti-A but has a negative reaction with Anti-A1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A3 shows mixed field agglutination with anti-A and/or anti-A,B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Am phenotype shows no agglutination with either anti-A or anti-A,B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B3 has mixed field agglutination and reacts with anti-B and/or anti-A,B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bm shows no agglutination with anti-B and anti-A,B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bel phenotype corresponds to secretors containing only H substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers