ABO Blood Grouping Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main risk associated with transfusing an incompatible ABO blood type?

  • Formation of antibodies in the recipient
  • Immediate lysis of donor RBCs (correct)
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn
  • Increase in blood pressure

    • Which blood group has no naturally occurring antibodies in the serum?

  • Blood Group B
  • Blood Group O
  • Blood Group AB (correct)
  • Blood Group A

    • What material is NOT required when performing the ABO blood grouping procedure?

  • Typing Sera A (anti-A)
  • Glass Marker
  • Disposable blood lancet or pricker
  • Disinfectant wipes (correct)

    • What is the common percentage of blood group O in the American population?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the ABO blood typing slide method, what observation indicates positive agglutination?

    <p>Clumping of the red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Landsteiner law is correct?

    <p>The opposite antibody is always present in serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of placing the slide at room temperature during the ABO blood grouping procedure?

    <p>To facilitate agglutination reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ABO blood group system, which group contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies?

    <p>Blood Group O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ABO forward grouping/typing?

    <p>To detect antigens on a patient's red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ABO reverse grouping/typing, what does the test specifically look for?

    <p>ABO antibodies in the patient's serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done immediately after preparing the test tubes for ABO forward grouping?

    <p>Add the red blood cell suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the antisera be added to the test tubes during ABO forward grouping?

    <p>As a free falling drop without contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct procedure to follow after mixing the reagent with the RBC suspension in the centrifuge?

    <p>Centrifuge at 3400 rpm for 15 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should laboratory personnel do if they suspect weakly reacting results during examination?

    <p>View under low power objective of a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to dispose of biohazardous waste properly?

    <p>To prevent contamination and ensure safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of serum is used in the ABO forward grouping procedure?

    <p>Group “O” type serum (anti-A,B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding a drop of the suspension of A cells to tube 'A' in the ABO reverse grouping procedure?

    <p>To identify the presence of A antibodies in the serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do A agglutinogens reach their final strength after birth?

    <p>1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used for mixing the contents of the test tubes after adding the serum and red cell suspensions?

    <p>Gently shaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibodies are ABO antibodies predominantly classified as?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differs ABO antigens from common antigens in newborns?

    <p>They appear weak at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ABO antibodies?

    <p>They can be present at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next step after gently dislodging the cell button in the ABO reverse grouping procedure?

    <p>Record the results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can ABO antigens be found apart from red blood cells?

    <p>In saliva and gastric secretions of secretors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unit Objectives

    • Perform ABO blood grouping procedure with accuracy and precision.
    • Correctly determine and interpret test results.
    • Understand the clinical significance of blood grouping.

    ABO Blood Group System

    • Critical for transfusion practice; individuals possess antibodies to absent RBC antigens.
    • Example: Blood group A has Anti-B antibodies, naturally occurring without prior exposure.
    • Incompatible transfusions can lead to immediate lysis of donor RBCs, causing severe reactions.
    • ABO incompatibility testing is foundational for pre-transfusion procedures.

    Landsteiner Law

    • Antigens are present on the RBC surface, defining blood group/type.
    • Corresponding antibodies are absent in an individual’s serum.
    • Opposite naturally occurring antibodies are consistently present.

    Blood Group Characteristics

    • Blood Group A: Antigen A, Naturally occurring antibody: Anti-B, Prevalence: 40%
    • Blood Group B: Antigen B, Naturally occurring antibody: Anti-A, Prevalence: 10%
    • Blood Group AB: Antigens A and B, Naturally occurring antibody: None, Prevalence: 5%
    • Blood Group O: H antigen, Naturally occurring antibodies: Anti-A and Anti-B, Prevalence: 45%

    ABO Blood Grouping/TYPing Slide Method

    • Materials Required: Applicator sticks, disposable blood lancet, glass marker, typing sera A (anti-A), typing sera B (anti-B).
    • Procedure Overview:
      • Place anti-A and anti-B reagents on labeled slides.
      • Add test red cell suspension or whole blood to reagents.
      • Mix and spread evenly; tilt slide for 2 minutes.
      • Observe for agglutination and record results as “+” or “0”.
      • Dispose of biohazardous waste appropriately.

    ABO Forward Grouping/Typing

    • Also known as cell or direct typing; detects antigens on patient’s RBCs using known anti-sera.
    • Specimen: Patient's red cells; Reagents: Anti-A and Anti-B.

    ABO Reverse Grouping/Typing

    • Known as serum or indirect typing; detects ABO antibodies in serum using known reagent RBCs.
    • Checks results of forward typing, unique to the ABO blood group system.
    • Specimen: Patient's serum/plasma; Reagents: Known A, B, AB, and O red cells.

    ABO Forward Grouping/TYPing Procedure

    • Prepare and label test tubes for anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A,B.
    • Add two drops of appropriate reagent to each tube.
    • Incorporate red blood cell suspension and mix.
    • Centrifuge at 3400 rpm for 15 seconds.
    • Observe for agglutination or hemolysis macroscopically.

    ABO Reverse Grouping/TYPing Procedure

    • Prepare 2-5% suspensions of red cells in saline; label tubes A, B, O, AB.
    • Add serum to labeled tubes and red cell suspensions.
    • Mix and centrifuge for 15 seconds.
    • Examine for hemolysis or agglutination, grading each reaction.

    Agglutination Grading Scale

    • 4+: One solid agglutinate.
    • 3+: Several large agglutinates with clear background.
    • 2+: Medium-sized agglutinates with clear background.
    • 1+: Small agglutinates with turbid background.
    • W+: Tiny agglutinates with turbid background.
    • 0: No agglutination or hemolysis.

    Characteristics of ABO Antigens

    • Present from the second month of fetal life; weak at birth, strengthen by age one.
    • Can persist through life but may alter due to abnormal secretions associated with leukemia or cancer.
    • Found in secretions of individuals who are secretors (saliva, pancreatic, gastric).

    Characteristics of ABO Antibodies

    • Typically absent at birth unless from maternal placental leakage.
    • Develops between 3-6 months post-birth; predominantly IgM type.
    • React at room temperature; exists as naturally occurring or immune antibodies from transfusions.
    • Present in some animals and plants as lectins.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the ABO blood grouping procedure, its clinical significance, and the interpretation of results. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of blood transfusion practices and the unique characteristics of the ABO blood group system.

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