Blood Gases and Respiratory Acidosis

A life-threatening condition caused by a significant loss of body fluid, leading to decreased blood volume and circulatory failure.

Fluid loss due to external factors such as bleeding or diarrhea.

Fluid loss due to fluid shifting within the body, like third spacing.

Children have a lower blood volume thus need less fluid loss before symptoms arise compared to adults, and drop in blood pressure is a late sign.

Loss of less than 20% of blood volume. Vasoconstriction starts. The body activates RAAS.

Loss of 20%-40% blood volume. Organ perfusion decreases, especially in kidneys, spleen & pancreas. Fluid shunted to vital organs.

Loss of more than 40% blood volume. Severe tissue damage.

Altered LOC (agitation or restlessness), mild tachycardia, vasoconstriction (RAAS response), orthostatic hypotension.

Marked tachycardia (140-150 bpm), hypotension (80/?), decreased level of consciousness (coma).

Supplemental oxygen is crucial. Monitor vital signs carefully.

Aggressive IV fluids (NS or RL) and blood products (PRBC) are necessary to restore blood volume.

Identify and address the source of the fluid loss to prevent further complications (e.g. bleeding or vomiting).

Caused by a disruption of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to widespread vasodilation of blood vessels.

A sudden and severe disruption of the sympathetic nervous system leads to decreased blood pressure, decreased pulse rate (bradycardia), and pooling of blood.

A temporary condition following spinal cord injury, characterized by the absence of voluntary and reflex neurological activity below the injury level.

Massive increase in the size of blood vessels with no compensatory mechanism due to the loss of vasoconstrictor tone.

Early stage of shock where the body tries to restore blood flow and pressure through physiological changes.

Later stage of shock, characterized by falling blood pressure that can't be compensated.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) maintains blood pressure and regulates blood vessel constriction. Its disruption results in vasodilation.

Treatment for neurogenic shock involves oxygenation, fluid management (with caution), medication (vasopressors, atropine).

Septic shock occurs when severe systemic infection (sepsis) causes low blood pressure (hypotension) that isn't fixed by fluids, and abnormalities in how tissues get blood.

An overactive immune response to infection, releasing excessive inflammatory mediators, leading to tissue damage.

A normal response to infection, but dysregulated inflammation becomes excessive, harming the body.

Signaling molecules in the body released during inflammation; dysregulation leads to excessive inflammation

Widening of blood vessels, causing blood pressure drop, due to dysregulated inflammatory mediators.

Blood vessel walls becoming leaky, allowing fluid to escape to tissues.

Low blood pressure; a key feature of septic shock.

Impairment of the minute blood vessels, limiting blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues

Blood clotting problem where widespread clotting occurs within the blood vessels, leading to organ damage.

Sepsis can originate from various parts of the body, such as the urinary tract, lungs, skin, or abdoment.

Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy are susceptible to sepsis during a specific time window (10-21 days post-chemo) due to a temporary decrease of immune cell numbers.

The body maintains its temperature through vasoconstriction (blood vessel narrowing) or vasodilation (blood vessel widening), and sweat gland secretion.

The hypodermis, or subcutaneous layer, acts as a shock absorber, insulator, energy storage, and attachment point for skin and deeper muscles.

Burns occur due to injuries by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

Thermal burns are caused by contact with hot sources such as flames, liquids, or steam.

The severity of chemical burns depends on the pH of the substance, with higher pH (alkaline) causing more tissue damage.

Electrical burns cause damage to nerves and blood vessels, often leading to tissue death and anoxia (lack of oxygen).

Significant electrical burn damage can be hidden (mostly internal) and may not be immediately visible.

Electrical burns can disrupt the heart's rhythm and lead to life-threatening arrhythmias like asystole or ventricular fibrillation.

The extent of electrical burns depends on the voltage, current type, current pathway, tissue resistance (density), and duration of contact.

A formula used to calculate the total fluid requirement for burn victims in the first 24 hours.

Critical component of burn management.

The type of IV fluid commonly used in burn resuscitation.

Loss of bowel activity after a burn, often seen in the digestive system.

Develop in the GI tract after 24-48 hours of a severe injury.

Common complication of severe burn, involving decreased urine output.

Muscle breakdown releases myoglobin into the blood, harming the kidneys.

Low blood volume, leading to decreased blood flow to tissues.

Low body temperature, a complication of burns.

Monitoring urine output is crucial in burn patients.

Method for estimating burn size by dividing the body into anatomical surface areas of 9% or multiples of 9%.

More accurate method for assessing burn size in children.

Method for calculating burn size using the palm of the hand to represent 1% of total body surface area.

Size of the burn area, often revised after edema or debridement.

Problems that affect the whole body, starting in the emergent phase (resuscitative)

First phase of burn care focused on airway, fluids, and wound care to address immediate life-threatening issues.

A life-threatening condition causing decreased blood volume due to fluid loss.

Fluid shifting from blood vessels into interstitial spaces of tissues.

Changes in blood fluid and minerals due to increased capillary permeability and loses (seen in burn victims).

Fluid buildup in the lungs, potentially leading to a life-threatening condition.

Lower heart pumping, impacts blood flow to tissues.

Heart's ability to pump is weakened after a burn injury during first few hours