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Questions and Answers
What percentage of total body weight does blood represent?
What is the average volume of blood in women?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?
What is the packed cell volume (hematocrit) percentage in men?
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What role do leukocytes play in the body?
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Which of the following is not a component of blood?
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What is the main function of platelets in the blood?
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What is the liquid portion of blood called?
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What is the primary role of hemoglobin (Hb) in erythrocytes?
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What proportion of O2 in the blood is carried by hemoglobin?
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Which of the following statements about mature erythrocytes is true?
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How many hemoglobin molecules are typically found in a single red blood cell?
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What does hemoglobin combine with at the tissue level to help with buffering?
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What effect does nitric oxide (NO2) have in the lungs?
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In cases of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure, what happens to hemoglobin?
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What type of enzymes do mature erythrocytes contain for energy production?
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What is the primary role of phagocytes during inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the inflammatory response?
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What type of cells are erythrocytes derived from?
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Which cells are considered committed to becoming mature erythrocytes?
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What triggers the inflammatory response?
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
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What do resident tissue macrophages release to initiate inflammation?
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What happens to erythrocytes as they mature?
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What is the purpose of localized edema during inflammation?
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Where does erythropoiesis occur?
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What are reticulocytes?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of stem cell mentioned in erythropoiesis?
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Why can't erythrocytes replenish their own numbers?
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What can individuals with type A blood do regarding blood donation?
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Which of the following statements is true about anti-Rh antibodies?
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What is a consequence of blood clumping caused by incompatible transfusions?
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If a person has anti-A antibodies, what type of blood can they safely receive?
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Which type of individual would have no anti-A or anti-B antibodies?
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What happens when blood from a donor with incompatible blood type is transfused?
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What is the primary risk associated with blood cells rupturing due to an incompatible blood donation?
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What type of blood can a person with type O blood donate to?
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Study Notes
Blood: Composition & Function
- Blood is a vital bodily fluid, comprising 8 percent of total body weight.
- Average blood volume: 5 liters in women, with a hematocrit of 42%.
- Average blood volume: 5.5 liters in men, with a hematocrit of 45%
- Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
- Blood consists of three main components:
- Erythrocytes (Red blood cells – important in oxygen transport)
- Leukocytes (White blood cells – immune system's defense force)
- Platelets (Thrombocytes – essential for hemostasis, the process of blood clotting)
- Plasma is the liquid portion of blood.
Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes are highly specialized and do not contain a nucleus or organelles.
- Most of the cell's interior is filled with hemoglobin (Hb) molecules.
- Each Hb molecule transports four oxygen molecules.
- Hb also binds to carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen ions (H+), and nitric oxide (NO).
- Erythrocytes rely on glycolysis for energy production.
- Lacking mitochondria.
- Erythrocytes are unable to divide, so they are constantly being replaced by new cells produced in the bone marrow.
Hemoglobin: Essential for Oxygen Transport
- Hb is responsible for carrying almost 98.5% of the oxygen in the blood.
- Each red blood cell contains approximately 250 million Hb molecules, capable of carrying over a billion oxygen molecules.
- Hb also binds to carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen ions (H+), and nitric oxide (NO).
- CO poisoning occurs when CO binds irreversibly to Hb, preventing oxygen transport.
Erythropoiesis: The Process of Red Blood Cell Production
- Erythropoiesis is the process of producing new red blood cells in the bone marrow.
- It occurs at a rate to maintain a constant supply of erythrocytes.
Innate Immunity: First Line of Defense
- Innate immunity is a non-specific defense mechanism against invaders and tissue injury.
- The inflammatory response is triggered by tissue injury, regardless of the cause.
- Resident tissue macrophages release cytokines and chemokines, initiating inflammation.
- Mast cells are activated, releasing histamine, which causes localized vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
- Edema (swelling) occurs in the inflamed area, which promotes phagocytosis and isolation of the invaders.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the composition and functions of blood! This quiz covers key elements such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. Understand hematocrit values and the essential role of red blood cells in oxygen transport.
