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Questions and Answers
What are platelets derived from?
What are platelets derived from?
What is the primary role of platelets in the body?
What is the primary role of platelets in the body?
What does vascular spasm refer to?
What does vascular spasm refer to?
How is vascular spasm stimulated?
How is vascular spasm stimulated?
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What is required to replace blood that is lost?
What is required to replace blood that is lost?
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
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How long do erythrocytes typically live?
How long do erythrocytes typically live?
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Which statement about hemoglobin is true?
Which statement about hemoglobin is true?
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What is oxyhemoglobin?
What is oxyhemoglobin?
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What characteristic do mature erythrocytes lack?
What characteristic do mature erythrocytes lack?
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What shape are erythrocytes typically described as?
What shape are erythrocytes typically described as?
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What happens to erythrocytes as they age?
What happens to erythrocytes as they age?
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What component of erythrocytes is crucial for oxygen binding?
What component of erythrocytes is crucial for oxygen binding?
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What is the primary function of blood regarding gases?
What is the primary function of blood regarding gases?
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Which component of blood is primarily responsible for maintaining water balance?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for maintaining water balance?
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Which percentage of blood is comprised of plasma?
Which percentage of blood is comprised of plasma?
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Which plasma protein is involved in the immune response?
Which plasma protein is involved in the immune response?
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What process is responsible for the production of formed elements in blood?
What process is responsible for the production of formed elements in blood?
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What role do thrombocytes play in blood?
What role do thrombocytes play in blood?
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What percentage of plasma is made up of water?
What percentage of plasma is made up of water?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
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What are formed elements in blood primarily composed of?
What are formed elements in blood primarily composed of?
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What is one way blood helps in regulating pH?
What is one way blood helps in regulating pH?
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What is the first step in the formation of a platelet plug?
What is the first step in the formation of a platelet plug?
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What role does fibrinogen play in platelet aggregation?
What role does fibrinogen play in platelet aggregation?
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Which of the following correctly describes how a blood clot is formed?
Which of the following correctly describes how a blood clot is formed?
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What is a requirement for the activation of clotting factors?
What is a requirement for the activation of clotting factors?
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Where are clotting factors produced in the body?
Where are clotting factors produced in the body?
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What is a crucial vitamin required for the synthesis of clotting factors?
What is a crucial vitamin required for the synthesis of clotting factors?
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What happens after platelets adhere to collagen?
What happens after platelets adhere to collagen?
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Which process ensures that a platelet plug is formed effectively?
Which process ensures that a platelet plug is formed effectively?
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How does the body maintain the integrity of damaged blood vessels?
How does the body maintain the integrity of damaged blood vessels?
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What is the final product of the clotting process?
What is the final product of the clotting process?
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What is formed when clotting factors become activated due to injury to a blood vessel?
What is formed when clotting factors become activated due to injury to a blood vessel?
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What role does thrombin play in the clotting process?
What role does thrombin play in the clotting process?
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Which of the following substances function as anticoagulants?
Which of the following substances function as anticoagulants?
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What happens during clot retraction?
What happens during clot retraction?
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Which process describes the breakdown of a clot?
Which process describes the breakdown of a clot?
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What is the main outcome of a transfusion reaction?
What is the main outcome of a transfusion reaction?
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What leads to the activation of clotting factors in the case of an injury?
What leads to the activation of clotting factors in the case of an injury?
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Which of the following correctly describes antigens in the ABO blood group system?
Which of the following correctly describes antigens in the ABO blood group system?
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What typically occurs in the plasma of an individual with type A blood?
What typically occurs in the plasma of an individual with type A blood?
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Which of the following molecules plays a crucial role in the clotting process by acting on prothrombin?
Which of the following molecules plays a crucial role in the clotting process by acting on prothrombin?
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Study Notes
Functions of Blood
- Blood transports gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, regulatory molecules, and helps to regulate pH, osmosis, body temp and protects against foreign substances.
- Blood helps clot to prevent blood loss.
Composition of Blood
- Blood is composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).
- Plasma is 91% water, 7% protein and 2% other.
- Plasma contains albumin (58%), globulins (38%), and fibrinogen (4%) which aid in maintaining water balance, immune system health, and clot formation.
- Formed elements are made up of cells and cell fragments (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes).
Hematopoiesis
- The process of blood cell formation is hematopoiesis.
Erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes are red blood cells (RBCs) with a disk-shaped structure, a thick edge, and no nucleus.
- RBCs live for 120 days and are responsible for oxygen transport.
Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin, the main component of erythrocytes is used to carry oxygen.
- It contains four globin proteins and four heme molecules.
- Each heme molecule contains an iron atom and one oxygen molecule can bind to each iron atom.
- Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has bound oxygen.
Production of Erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes are produced in red bone marrow by megakaryocytes.
- Lost blood is replaced by new blood or a transfusion.
Preventing Blood Loss
- Three mechanisms prevent blood loss: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting.
- Vascular spasm is the immediate constriction of a blood vessel in response to injury and helps seal small breaks in blood vessels.
- Platelets are responsible for forming a platelet plug that helps to stop blood loss.
Platelet Plug Formation
- Platelet adhesion occurs when platelets stick to exposed collagen at the site of injury.
- Activated platelets change shape and release chemicals that attract more platelets.
- Fibrinogen bridges between fibrinogen receptors on platelets form a platelet plug.
Blood Clotting
- Blood clotting is the transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel.
- Clot formation is dependent on clotting factors, which are proteins in plasma only activated by injury.
- Clotting factors need Vitamin K and are made in the liver.
Steps in Clot Formation
- Injury to a blood vessel activates clotting factors by exposing connective tissue or releasing thromboplastin.
- Prothrombinase is formed and converts prothrombin into thrombin.
- Thrombin activates fibrinogen, converting it to fibrin.
- Fibrin forms a network that traps blood cells and creates a clot.
Clot Formation Control
- Anticoagulants prevent clots from forming, and examples include heparin and antithrombin.
- An adequate amount of clotting factors are needed for coagulation, and anticoagulants can’t inhibit clotting in that area of the body.
Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis
- Clot retraction is the tightening of a clot, which pushes out serum and enhances healing.
- Fibrinolysis is the process of dissolving a clot.
- Plasminogen breaks down fibrin to dissolve clots.
Blood Grouping
- Blood transfusions are necessary following injury or surgery.
- Transfusion reactions/agglutination are clumping of blood cells that occur when blood is incompatible.
- Antigens are molecules on erythrocyte surfaces, and antibodies are proteins in plasma.
- Blood is named based on the antigens present. (ABO)
ABO Blood Groups
- The ABO system has antigens called A and B on erythrocyte surfaces.
- The ABO blood group system has antibodies present in plasma against antigens, and the specific antibody depends on the blood group.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential functions and composition of blood, including details on blood components like plasma and formed elements. It also explores the processes involved in blood cell formation and the role of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in oxygen transport. Test your knowledge on this crucial biological topic!
