Functions and Composition of Blood
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Functions and Composition of Blood

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Questions and Answers

What are platelets derived from?

  • Lymphocytes
  • Large cells called megakaryocytes (correct)
  • White blood cells
  • Red blood cells

    • What is the primary role of platelets in the body?

  • Preventing blood loss (correct)
  • Regulating body temperature
  • Transporting oxygen
  • Producing hormones

    • What does vascular spasm refer to?

  • The formation of a platelet plug
  • Expansion of blood vessels
  • Permanent closure of blood vessels
  • Temporary constriction of a blood vessel (correct)

    • How is vascular spasm stimulated?

    <p>By chemicals released from damaged tissue and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to replace blood that is lost?

    <p>Production of new blood or a transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>Transport oxygen to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do erythrocytes typically live?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hemoglobin is true?

    <p>Each heme contains a molecule of iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is oxyhemoglobin?

    <p>Hemoglobin with an oxygen molecule attached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do mature erythrocytes lack?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape are erythrocytes typically described as?

    <p>Disk-shaped with thick edges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to erythrocytes as they age?

    <p>They undergo gradual degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of erythrocytes is crucial for oxygen binding?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blood regarding gases?

    <p>Transport of gases, nutrients and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is primarily responsible for maintaining water balance?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which percentage of blood is comprised of plasma?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein is involved in the immune response?

    <p>Globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is responsible for the production of formed elements in blood?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do thrombocytes play in blood?

    <p>Aiding in clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plasma is made up of water?

    <p>91%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are formed elements in blood primarily composed of?

    <p>Cells and cell fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way blood helps in regulating pH?

    <p>Transport of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the formation of a platelet plug?

    <p>Platelet adhesion to collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does fibrinogen play in platelet aggregation?

    <p>It acts as a bridge between platelet receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes how a blood clot is formed?

    <p>It involves thread-like proteins called fibrin trapping blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for the activation of clotting factors?

    <p>Injury to the blood vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are clotting factors produced in the body?

    <p>In the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial vitamin required for the synthesis of clotting factors?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after platelets adhere to collagen?

    <p>They release chemicals and change shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures that a platelet plug is formed effectively?

    <p>Aggregation of activated platelets through fibrinogen bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body maintain the integrity of damaged blood vessels?

    <p>By forming a platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the clotting process?

    <p>A stable gel-like clot formed by fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when clotting factors become activated due to injury to a blood vessel?

    <p>Prothrombinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does thrombin play in the clotting process?

    <p>Converts fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances function as anticoagulants?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during clot retraction?

    <p>Condensation of the clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the breakdown of a clot?

    <p>Fibrinolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of a transfusion reaction?

    <p>Clumping of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the activation of clotting factors in the case of an injury?

    <p>Exposure of connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes antigens in the ABO blood group system?

    <p>Molecules on the surface of erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs in the plasma of an individual with type A blood?

    <p>Antibodies against B antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules plays a crucial role in the clotting process by acting on prothrombin?

    <p>Prothrombinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functions of Blood

    • Blood transports gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, regulatory molecules, and helps to regulate pH, osmosis, body temp and protects against foreign substances.
    • Blood helps clot to prevent blood loss.

    Composition of Blood

    • Blood is composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).
    • Plasma is 91% water, 7% protein and 2% other.
    • Plasma contains albumin (58%), globulins (38%), and fibrinogen (4%) which aid in maintaining water balance, immune system health, and clot formation.
    • Formed elements are made up of cells and cell fragments (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes).

    Hematopoiesis

    • The process of blood cell formation is hematopoiesis.

    Erythrocytes

    • Erythrocytes are red blood cells (RBCs) with a disk-shaped structure, a thick edge, and no nucleus.
    • RBCs live for 120 days and are responsible for oxygen transport.

    Hemoglobin

    • Hemoglobin, the main component of erythrocytes is used to carry oxygen.
    • It contains four globin proteins and four heme molecules.
    • Each heme molecule contains an iron atom and one oxygen molecule can bind to each iron atom.
    • Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has bound oxygen.

    Production of Erythrocytes

    • Erythrocytes are produced in red bone marrow by megakaryocytes.
    • Lost blood is replaced by new blood or a transfusion.

    Preventing Blood Loss

    • Three mechanisms prevent blood loss: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting.
    • Vascular spasm is the immediate constriction of a blood vessel in response to injury and helps seal small breaks in blood vessels.
    • Platelets are responsible for forming a platelet plug that helps to stop blood loss.

    Platelet Plug Formation

    • Platelet adhesion occurs when platelets stick to exposed collagen at the site of injury.
    • Activated platelets change shape and release chemicals that attract more platelets.
    • Fibrinogen bridges between fibrinogen receptors on platelets form a platelet plug.

    Blood Clotting

    • Blood clotting is the transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel.
    • Clot formation is dependent on clotting factors, which are proteins in plasma only activated by injury.
    • Clotting factors need Vitamin K and are made in the liver.

    Steps in Clot Formation

    • Injury to a blood vessel activates clotting factors by exposing connective tissue or releasing thromboplastin.
    • Prothrombinase is formed and converts prothrombin into thrombin.
    • Thrombin activates fibrinogen, converting it to fibrin.
    • Fibrin forms a network that traps blood cells and creates a clot.

    Clot Formation Control

    • Anticoagulants prevent clots from forming, and examples include heparin and antithrombin.
    • An adequate amount of clotting factors are needed for coagulation, and anticoagulants can’t inhibit clotting in that area of the body.

    Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis

    • Clot retraction is the tightening of a clot, which pushes out serum and enhances healing.
    • Fibrinolysis is the process of dissolving a clot.
    • Plasminogen breaks down fibrin to dissolve clots.

    Blood Grouping

    • Blood transfusions are necessary following injury or surgery.
    • Transfusion reactions/agglutination are clumping of blood cells that occur when blood is incompatible.
    • Antigens are molecules on erythrocyte surfaces, and antibodies are proteins in plasma.
    • Blood is named based on the antigens present. (ABO)

    ABO Blood Groups

    • The ABO system has antigens called A and B on erythrocyte surfaces.
    • The ABO blood group system has antibodies present in plasma against antigens, and the specific antibody depends on the blood group.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential functions and composition of blood, including details on blood components like plasma and formed elements. It also explores the processes involved in blood cell formation and the role of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in oxygen transport. Test your knowledge on this crucial biological topic!

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