Blood Composition and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of basophils in the immune response?

  • Releasing histamine to cause inflammation (correct)
  • Generating antibodies
  • Phagocytosis of pathogens
  • Maturing in the thymus gland

Which statement about lymphocytes is correct?

  • B-lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow. (correct)
  • All lymphocytes are involved in phagocytosis.
  • Lymphocytes are larger than monocytes.
  • Lymphocytes have a bi-lobed nucleus.

What distinguishes monocytes from other leukocytes?

  • They contain a large quantity of hemoglobin.
  • They have a kidney bean-shaped nucleus. (correct)
  • They are produced only in the spleen.
  • They are the smallest type of leukocyte.

What role do arteries play in the circulatory system?

<p>They transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key symptom associated with anemia?

<p>Weakness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a bleeding disorder?

<p>Anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of arteries helps them manage high pressure blood flow?

<p>Elastic fibers that allow stretching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lymphocyte is specifically involved in the maturation process in the thymus gland?

<p>T-lymphocyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood disorders is characterized by a deficiency in clotting?

<p>Hemophilia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom might indicate a bleeding disorder like hemophilia?

<p>Joint pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?

<p>Gaseous exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of platelets in blood clotting?

<p>They form a stable fibrin clot. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting parasitic infections?

<p>Eosinophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell (RBC)?

<p>90 - 120 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of white blood cells does not have granules?

<p>Agranulocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The normal count of red blood cells in a healthy individual is approximately how many cells per mm3?

<p>4 - 6 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape do mature red blood cells take, and why is this shape significant?

<p>Disc-biconcave, to increase flexibility and surface area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which granular white blood cell contains blue granules and plays a role in allergic responses?

<p>Basophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is essential for stabilizing the platelet plug during the clotting process?

<p>Fibrinogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common condition associated with an excessive number of eosinophils?

<p>Eosinophilia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is blood considered?

<p>Blood is considered a special type of connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of blood?

<p>Plasma and Cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma in blood?

<p>The plasma functions as the medium for transporting blood cells, helps maintain body temperature, controls blood pH, and maintains electrolyte balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are red blood cells (RBCs) formed?

<p>Red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cells have a nucleus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of red blood cells?

<p>Their main function is gaseous exchange, specifically the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell?

<p>The typical lifespan of a red blood cell is 90 to 120 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for the count of red blood cells in a healthy individual?

<p>The normal count is about 4 to 6 million per mm3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cell counts are typically higher in females than males.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets called?

<p>Platelets are also called thrombocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are platelets produced?

<p>Platelets are produced in the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical lifespan of a platelet?

<p>The lifespan of a platelet is typically 8 to 10 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for platelets in a healthy individual?

<p>The normal range for platelets in a healthy individual is 150,000 to 450,000 per microliter of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when an individual has more than 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood?

<p>Having more than 450,000 platelets per microliter is called thrombocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of platelets?

<p>The main function of platelets is blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the other name for white blood cells?

<p>White blood cells are also called leukocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

<p>The primary function of white blood cells is to defend the body against infections and harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

White blood cells are called white because they lack the red protein hemoglobin.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for white blood cells in a healthy individual?

<p>The normal range for white blood cells is 5,000 to 11,000 per mm3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of white blood cells based on their morphology?

<p>Granulocytes and Agranulocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of granulocytes?

<p>The three types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neutrophils?

<p>Neutrophils are phagocytic cells that actively engulf and destroy bacteria, often found in large numbers in pus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lymphocytes?

<p>Lymphocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity, recognizing specific pathogens and mounting a targeted immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of lymphocytes?

<p>The two main types of lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do B-lymphocytes mature?

<p>B-lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of blood vessels?

<p>Blood vessels form a network that transports blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

<p>Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of arteries?

<p>Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of capillaries?

<p>Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common blood disorder?

<p>The most common blood disorder is anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of anemia?

<p>Anemia is caused by a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder that is most commonly caused by a deficiency in clotting factors.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three common symptoms of hemophilia?

<p>Common symptoms of hemophilia include bleeding gums, excessive bleeding from small cuts, and internal bleeding into joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Leukemia?

<p>Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that affects the production of white blood cells in the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Lymphoma?

<p>Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects the lymphatic system, characterized by an abnormal growth of lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is blood?

Blood is a specialized connective tissue that plays a crucial role in transporting essential substances throughout the body, regulating temperature, carrying buffers and protecting against pathogens. It's also key in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

What is the function of red blood cells?

Red blood cells (RBCs) are non-nucleated cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Their biconcave shape maximizes surface area, allowing for efficient gas exchange and flexibility to navigate narrow blood vessels.

Define Plasma

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, containing dissolved components like proteins, electrolytes, and nutrients. It plays a vital role in transporting vital substances and regulating blood pressure.

Explain the function of platelets.

Platelets, small cell fragments in blood, are crucial for blood clotting. They form a platelet plug at injury sites, stopping bleeding temporarily.

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What is blood clotting?

Blood clotting is a complex process involving platelets and clotting factors. Platelet plug formation and fibrin network create a stable clot, preventing excessive bleeding.

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What is the main function of white blood cells?

White blood cells (WBCs) are responsible for fighting infections by engulfing and destroying harmful pathogens. They act as the body's immune defense system.

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What are neutrophils known for?

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells, acting as phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria. They are often present in wounds as pus.

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What is the role of eosinophils?

Eosinophils, another type of white blood cell, are primarily involved in fighting parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

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Explain the function of basophils.

Basophils, the least abundant WBCs, release histamine and other substances during allergic and inflammatory responses.

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What is the role of monocytes?

Monocytes, large WBCs, mature into macrophages in tissues and play a crucial role in scavenging cellular debris and engulfing pathogens.

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What are basophils and what is their function?

Basophils are white blood cells responsible for allergic and antigen responses by releasing the chemical histamine, which causes inflammation.

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What are lymphocytes and where are they found?

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell found primarily in the lymphatic system. They are the smallest leukocytes and have a large nucleus. There are two main types: B-lymphocytes (mature in bone marrow) and T-lymphocytes (mature in the thymus gland).

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What are monocytes and what are their characteristics?

Monocytes are the largest leukocytes and have a large, often U-shaped or kidney-bean shaped nucleus. They are phagocytic like neutrophils, but live longer and can develop into macrophages.

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What are arteries and what is their function?

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body's tissues. They become smaller as they branch out, ending as arterioles.

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What is anemia?

Anemia is a blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, resulting in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. Symptoms include weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, and fatigue.

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What is hemophilia?

Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder caused by a genetic defect in clotting factors. Symptoms include excessive bleeding from minor cuts, bleeding gums, and bleeding into joints.

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What are blood cancers?

Blood cancers are a group of diseases involving abnormal proliferation of blood cells, often in bone marrow. They can affect red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.

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What are white blood cells?

White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are a crucial part of the immune system, protecting the body against infections and diseases.

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What are red blood cells?

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. They contain hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen.

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What are platelets and what is their function?

Platelets are small cell fragments that play a vital role in blood clotting. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets gather at the site and help form a clot to stop bleeding.

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What is blood and what is it composed of?

Blood is a specialized connective tissue composed of various cells and a liquid called plasma, making it essential for transportation, temperature regulation, buffering, protection, and clotting.

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What are red blood cells (RBCs) and what is their function?

RBCs are non-nucleated cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Their biconcave shape increases surface area for efficient gas exchange and flexibility for navigation in narrow blood vessels.

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Where are RBCs produced, how long do they live, and what is the normal count?

RBCs are produced in the bone marrow, have a lifespan of 90-120 days, and their normal count is around 4-6 million per mm3. Males typically have a higher count than females.

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What is plasma and what is it made of?

Plasma is the liquid component of blood. It consists of water, dissolved proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products.

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What are the functions of plasma?

Plasma transports vital substances throughout the body, regulates blood pressure, and helps maintain body temperature.

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Explain the process of blood clotting.

Blood clotting is a multi-step process involving platelets, clotting factors, and fibrin. It forms a stable clot to prevent excess bleeding.

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What are white blood cells (WBCs) and what is their main function?

WBCs are responsible for fighting infections by engulfing and destroying harmful pathogens. They are the body's immune defense system.

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What are granulocytes and what are some examples?

Granulocytes are a type of WBC with granules in their cytoplasm. They include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

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What are agranulocytes and what are some examples?

Agranulocytes are WBCs without granules in their cytoplasm. They include lymphocytes and monocytes.

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What are neutrophils and what is their role?

Neutrophils are the most abundant WBCs, actively engulfing and destroying bacteria. They are often present in pus.

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What are eosinophils and what is their function?

Eosinophils are WBCs involved primarily in fighting parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

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What are basophils and what do they release?

Basophils are the least abundant WBCs, releasing histamine during allergic and inflammatory responses.

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What are monocytes and what do they become?

Monocytes are the largest WBCs, maturing into macrophages in tissues. They engulf pathogens and cellular debris.

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What is anemia and what causes it?

Anemia is a common blood disorder characterized by a lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport.

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What is hemophilia and what causes it?

Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder caused by a genetic defect in clotting factors, resulting in excessive bleeding.

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What are blood cancers and what types are there?

Blood cancers are a group of diseases affecting blood cells, often in the bone marrow. They can affect red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.

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What is leukemia and what are its characteristics?

Leukemia is a blood cancer affecting the bone marrow, resulting in the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells. These abnormal cells are unable to fight infection and impair the production of red blood cells and platelets.

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What is lymphoma and what happens in this cancer?

Lymphoma is a blood cancer affecting the lymphatic system, characterized by abnormal lymphocytes multiplying and collecting in lymph nodes and other tissues.

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What is myeloma and what does it affect?

Myeloma is a blood cancer affecting plasma cells, responsible for producing antibodies. Abnormal plasma cells prevent normal antibody production, weakening the immune system.

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What are the structural features of arteries?

Arteries have thick muscle layers and elastic fibers to withstand the pressure of pumping blood from the heart.

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What are veins and what is their function?

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls than arteries and have valves to prevent backflow.

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What are capillaries and what is their function?

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. They allow nutrient and gas exchange between blood and tissues.

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What is the circulatory system?

The circulatory system is a network of blood vessels throughout the body, carrying blood and vital substances.

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What is the heart and what is its function?

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, providing oxygen and essential nutrients.

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What is blood pressure and how is it measured?

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of arteries. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

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What is high blood pressure and what are the risks?

High blood pressure (hypertension) occurs when blood pressure is consistently above normal levels. It can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

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What is low blood pressure and what are the symptoms?

Low blood pressure (hypotension) occurs when blood pressure is consistently below normal levels. It can cause dizziness, fatigue, and fainting.

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Study Notes

Blood Composition

  • Blood is a specialized connective tissue
  • Composed of a fluid part (plasma) and cellular components
  • Plasma comprises 55% of total blood volume
  • Plasma is primarily water (91%), with proteins (7%), nutrients (2%), hormones and electrolytes
  • Cellular components include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets
  • RBCs (erythrocytes) are non-nucleated, disc-shaped cells that transport oxygen and have a lifespan of 90-120 days
  • Normal RBC count is approximately 4-6 million per mm³ in males and slightly lower in females
  • Platelets (thrombocytes) are irregular-shaped cell fragments that aid in blood clotting
  • WBCs (leukocytes) are part of the immune system, involved in defense mechanisms and have a lifespan of 8-10 days
  • Normal WBC count ranges between 5,000 and 11,000/mm³

Blood Functions

  • Transporting gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and other substances (hormones, nutrients, wastes) throughout the body
  • Maintaining homeostasis, including regulating body temperature and pH
  • Providing protective functions against disease and injury
  • Assisting in wound healing and blood clotting
  • Used to estimate the level of certain chemical substances within the body

Blood Cells: RBCs (Erythrocytes)

  • Formed in bone marrow
  • Non-nucleated cells
  • Disc-shaped, biconcave structure increases surface area for gas exchange
  • Lifespan of 90-120 days
  • Normal count is 4-6 million per mm³
  • Higher count in males than females
  • Primary function is oxygen transport (gaseous exchange)

Blood Cells: Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Irregular shape
  • Produced in bone marrow
  • Lifespan of 8-10 days
  • Main function is blood clotting
  • Normal count ranges from 150,000-450,000 per microliter of blood
  • Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) or high platelet count (thrombocytosis) can indicate problems.

Blood Cells: WBCs (Leukocytes)

  • Formation in bone marrow
  • Involved in defense, immune response
  • Classified as granulocytes (with granules) or agranulocytes (without granules)
  • Includes different types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, each playing specific roles in immunity
    • Neutrophils: Active phagocytes, engulf and destroy bacteria
    • Eosinophils: Primarily deal with parasitic infections and allergies
    • Basophils: Release histamine, contributing to inflammatory responses
    • Lymphocytes: Crucial for immune response, including antibody production and cellular immunity
      • B-lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow
      • T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland
    • Monocytes: Become macrophages, also phagocytes; longer lifespan
  • Different proportions in blood (e.g., neutrophils typically constitute 50-70%)

Blood Plasma

  • The liquid component of blood
  • Carries blood cells throughout the body
  • Maintains proper body temperature
  • Controls blood and body tissue pH
  • Maintains proper electrolyte balance in the blood and tissues

Blood Vessels

  • The arteries, capillaries, and veins are part of the circulatory system and transport blood
  • Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to tissues
  • Composed of three layers: innermost (simple squamous epithelium), middle (smooth muscle and elastic tissue), outermost (connective tissue)
  • Capillaries are extremely small vessels connecting arteries and veins; facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and tissues
    • Networks of capillaries are called capillary beds
  • Veins carry deoxygenated blood from tissues back to the heart
    • Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood

Blood Disorders

  • Anemia: Reduced red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to oxygen deficiency symptoms (weakness, shortness of breath, headaches)
  • Bleeding disorders: Conditions affecting blood clotting (e.g., hemophilia) resulting in excessive bleeding
    • Symptoms can include bleeding gums, heavy bleeding from minor cuts, and bleeding into joints
  • Blood cancers: Types of cancer affecting blood cells or bone marrow
    • Leukemia: Cancer of white blood cells, characterized by rapid production of abnormal white blood cells that impair the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells and platelets
    • Lymphoma: Cancer affecting the lymphatic system and lymphocytes, characterized by abnormal lymphocytes multiplying and collecting in lymph nodes and other tissues
    • Myeloma: Cancer of plasma cells, which produce antibodies; prevents normal antibody production, leading to a weakened immune system. Symptoms can include fever, chills, night sweats, weakness, fatigue, swollen/bleeding gums, headaches, and enlarged liver/spleen

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Description

Explore the essential aspects of blood composition and its vital functions in this quiz. Understand the roles of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in maintaining health and transport throughout the body. Test your knowledge on blood's cellular components and their significance.

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