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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the blood?
What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the blood?
Which component constitutes the largest percentage of blood?
Which component constitutes the largest percentage of blood?
What is the function of leukocytes in blood?
What is the function of leukocytes in blood?
What percentage of blood volume is made up by formed elements?
What percentage of blood volume is made up by formed elements?
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Which of the following proteins contributes the least to plasma composition?
Which of the following proteins contributes the least to plasma composition?
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What is the primary function of thrombocytes in the blood?
What is the primary function of thrombocytes in the blood?
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What percentage of blood plasma is composed of water?
What percentage of blood plasma is composed of water?
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Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure?
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What causes a decrease in the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio?
What causes a decrease in the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio?
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What is the average lifespan of red blood corpuscles (erythrocytes)?
What is the average lifespan of red blood corpuscles (erythrocytes)?
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Which ion is primarily found inside red blood cells?
Which ion is primarily found inside red blood cells?
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Which plasma protein is involved in blood clotting and contributes to plasma viscosity?
Which plasma protein is involved in blood clotting and contributes to plasma viscosity?
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What is the concentration of prothrombin in blood plasma?
What is the concentration of prothrombin in blood plasma?
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What is the typical red blood cell count in adult males?
What is the typical red blood cell count in adult males?
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Which function is NOT performed by hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Which function is NOT performed by hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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What is the primary site of red blood cell formation after the age of 20?
What is the primary site of red blood cell formation after the age of 20?
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What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
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Which component of red blood cells allows them to change shape when passing through capillaries?
Which component of red blood cells allows them to change shape when passing through capillaries?
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Which of the following is a consequence of hemoglobin remaining in the bloodstream?
Which of the following is a consequence of hemoglobin remaining in the bloodstream?
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What specific role does carbonic anhydrase play in red blood cells?
What specific role does carbonic anhydrase play in red blood cells?
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Which factor is crucial for maintaining normal red blood cell counts?
Which factor is crucial for maintaining normal red blood cell counts?
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What role does the liver play in erythropoiesis?
What role does the liver play in erythropoiesis?
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Which type of anemia results from bone marrow depression?
Which type of anemia results from bone marrow depression?
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What is a common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?
What is a common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?
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What is a primary feature of macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia?
What is a primary feature of macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia?
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What is a consequence of renal failure related to anemia?
What is a consequence of renal failure related to anemia?
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Which organ secretes the majority of erythropoietin hormone?
Which organ secretes the majority of erythropoietin hormone?
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What is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12 from the stomach?
What is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12 from the stomach?
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Which of the following conditions could lead to haemolytic anemia?
Which of the following conditions could lead to haemolytic anemia?
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Which condition does NOT lead to hypoxia?
Which condition does NOT lead to hypoxia?
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What stimulates the production of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia?
What stimulates the production of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia?
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Which form of iron is better absorbed in the body?
Which form of iron is better absorbed in the body?
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What role does intrinsic factor play in the absorption of Vitamin B12?
What role does intrinsic factor play in the absorption of Vitamin B12?
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Which vitamin is essential for the myelination of nerves?
Which vitamin is essential for the myelination of nerves?
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What dietary component can prevent the absorption of iron?
What dietary component can prevent the absorption of iron?
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What hormone is specifically responsible for stimulating red blood cell production?
What hormone is specifically responsible for stimulating red blood cell production?
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Which trace element acts as a cofactor in hemoglobin formation?
Which trace element acts as a cofactor in hemoglobin formation?
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Study Notes
Blood
- Vital fluid tissue that circulates inside blood vessels
- Represents 8% of body weight, or 5.6 liters
Functions of blood
- Transport function: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and hormones.
- Defensive function: Contains white blood cells and antibodies.
- Hemostasis: Stops bleeding.
- Homeostasis: Maintains the internal environment (extracellular fluid) of the body for optimal cell function.
Composition of blood
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Plasma:
- 55% of blood by volume and weight.
- Contains water, proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, prothrombin), and other solutes like ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, and regulatory substances.
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Formed Elements:
- 45% of blood by volume and weight.
- Contains leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes.
Leukocytes
- Less than 1% of blood cell count.
- Includes neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
Platelets
- Less than 1% of blood cell count.
- Involved in blood clotting.
Erythrocytes
- More than 99% of blood cell count.
- Non-nucleated circular biconcave discs containing hemoglobin, responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
- Average lifespan of 120 days.
Blood Plasma
- Yellow clear fluid consisting of water, proteins, and other substances.
- Plays a crucial role in maintaining blood volume and pressure, and transporting nutrients and waste products.
Plasma Proteins
- Albumin: Highest concentration, important for maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting substances.
- Globulins: Function in defense (α, β, γ globulins) and transport of certain substances.
- Fibrinogen: Essential for blood clotting and contributes to plasma viscosity.
- Prothrombin: Important for blood clotting.
Albumin/Globulin (A/G) Ratio
- The ratio of albumin to globulin concentration in the blood is between 1.2 and 1.7.
- Decreased A/G ratio can be observed in:
- Liver disease due to decreased albumin production.
- Kidney disease due to loss of albumin through urine.
- Infection due to an increase in globulin concentration.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Non-nucleated, circular, biconcave discs containing hemoglobin.
- Responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
- Contain carbonic anhydrase enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD).
Red Blood Cell Count
- Adult males: 5-6 million per cubic mm.
- Adult females: 4-5 million per cubic mm.
- Newborns: 7 million per cubic mm.
Functions of Red Blood Cells
- Carry oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide.
- Hemoglobin acts as a blood buffer.
- Red blood cells contain carbonic anhydrase, important for carbon dioxide transportation.
- The biconcave shape of red blood cells increases surface area, facilitating gas exchange.
Erythrocyte Membrane
- Keeps hemoglobin inside, preventing heart failure, increased blood viscosity, and renal failure.
- Contains agglutinogens that determine blood group.
- The plastic nature allows red blood cells to compress while passing through narrow capillaries and regain their normal shape after, preventing rupture.
Formation of Red Blood Cells (Erythropoiesis)
- Fetus: Formed in the liver and spleen.
- Last three months of fetal life and after birth: Formed in the bone marrow of all bones until adolescence.
- Age 20: Formed in the bone marrow of the upper parts of the humerus and femur and of membranous bones.
- After age 20: Formed in the bone marrow of membranous bones (skull, vertebra, sternum, and ribs).
Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis
- Oxygen Supply to Tissues: Hypoxia stimulates the release of erythropoietin hormone, primarily from the kidney, which increases red blood cell production.
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Diet:
- Proteins: Provide essential amino acids for globin formation in hemoglobin.
- Iron: Crucial for hemoglobin synthesis, and its absorption is influenced by factors like gastric acid, vitamin C, and the presence of substances like oxalates, phytic acids, and phosphates.
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Vitamins:
- Vitamin B12: Essential for red blood cell nuclear maturation, cell division, myelination of nerves, and digestive system mucosa integrity.
- Folic Acid: Necessary for red blood cell nuclear maturation and cell division.
- Vitamin C: Promotes tissue growth and metabolism, including bone marrow.
- Trace Elements: Copper and cobalt act as cofactors for hemoglobin formation.
- Hormones: Erythropoietin (specific), thyroid hormones (non-specific), and male sex hormones (androgen) promote erythropoiesis.
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Healthy Organs:
- Bone Marrow: Site of red blood cell formation.
- Liver: Plays a role in erythropoiesis, producing globin for hemoglobin, secreting erythropoietin, and storing iron and Vitamin B12.
- Kidney: Secretes the majority of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia.
- Stomach: Produces gastric HCl which is essential for iron conversion, and secretes intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
- Small Intestine: Site of iron and vitamin B12 absorption.
Anemia
- A condition characterized by a decrease in red blood cell count or hemoglobin content, or both.
Types and Causes of Anemia
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Normochromic Normocytic Anemia
- Haemolytic Anemia: Caused by excessive destruction of red blood cells due to factors like incompatible blood transfusions, snake venoms, drug sensitivity, infections, antibodies, and increased red blood cell fragility.
- Aplastic Anemia: Due to bone marrow depression, caused by radiation exposure, chemotherapy, drugs, or bone marrow destruction.
- Haemorrhagic Anemia: Occurs due to acute blood loss.
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Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
- Iron Deficiency Anemia: Caused by either iron deficiency in the diet, failure of iron absorption, or chronic blood loss.
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Macrocytic (Megaloblastic) Anemia
- Caused by deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid.
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Description
This quiz explores the vital aspects of blood, including its composition, functions, and the cellular elements it contains. Delve into the roles of plasma, leukocytes, and platelets in maintaining bodily functions and homeostasis. Test your understanding of how blood serves essential transport and defense mechanisms.
