Blood Final PDF

Blood is special type of connective tissue made of :- Blood 1. Transport of gases, waste products, hormones and other substance. 2. Homeostatic role- temperature regulation. 3. Contain buffers regulators like (hemoglobin, plasma, protein...

Blood is special type of connective tissue made of :- Blood 1. Transport of gases, waste products, hormones and other substance. 2. Homeostatic role- temperature regulation. 3. Contain buffers regulators like (hemoglobin, plasma, proteins and bicarbonate). 4. Protective functions. 5. Contains substance that prevents blood loss upon injury of blood vessels. 6. Always used for the purpose of estimating the level of chemical substances inside the body. * RBCs formation in bone marrow. * RBCs are non-nucleated cells. * Life span is 90 - 120 day. * Normal count is about 4 - 6 millions per mm3. * The count is higher in males than females. * It is main function is gaseous exchange. * The mature cell is a disc-biconcave, the importance of this shape is to increase surface area, increase flexibility, decrease fragility. The Plasma : The function of plasma : … … … … … Platelets under microscope  Blood clotting  Injury  Platelet plug blood vessel will send signals, when platelets receive the signals they will travel to the area and they will stick into each other and to the blood vessel wall  Fibrin clot clotting factors proteins (fibrinogen) a strong strand like substance that keeps the plug stable. -Too much clotting can block vessels that are not bleeding -Too little clotting can cause excessive bleeding from minor injury  The white blood cell (WBCs) ( leucocytes ) Classification of WBCs : a. Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophil. Basophils). b. A granulocytes (Lymphocytes and Monocytes). Neutrophils : 50% _____ 70% Eosinophils : 2% _____ 4% Basophils: 0.5% _____ 1% Monocytes : 3% _____ 8% Lymphocytes : 20% ____ 30%  The white blood cell (WBCs) ( leukocytes ) Neutrophils :  They are very active phagocyte bacteria and present in a large number in the pus of the wounds.  They have nucleus with 3 to 5 lobes granules with ink colors in it’s cytoplasm. The granules include enzymes that kill bacteria. Neutrophils : Eosinophils : It has bi-lober nucleus (two lobes) with  red or golden colored granules in the cytoplasm.  Primarily deal with parasitic infections.  The most important causes of eosinophilia include allergies such as asthma. Eosinophils : Basophils :  It has coarse blue granules which shield the basophil single nucleus.  Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing inflammation. Basophils : Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are much more common in the :lymphatic system. Its nucleus is very large to the cell size. They are the smallest cells of leukocytes. It is a mono-nucleated cell that is formed in the bone marrow. There are two types of lymphocytes :- …B-lymphocyte (mature in the bone marrow) …T-lymphocyte (mature in the thymus gland) These cells play an important role in our immune response. Lymphocytes : Monocytes : Monocytes share the (phagocytosis) …function of neutrophils, but are much …longer lived as they have an additional role. This cell is the largest leukocytes. It is a mono-nucleated cell that enter the …circulation to stay in the tissue thus …becoming macrophages. It’s nucleus most often (u) or kidney bean …shaped The cytoplasm is abundant and light blue. Monocytes :  Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all body’s tissues. They branch several times, becoming smaller and smaller as they carry blood further from the heart into organs.  Their very small branches are arterioles.  The ARTERY Arteries carry blood away from the heart. the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure thick muscle and elastic fibres the thick muscle can contract to push the blood along. BLOOD DISORDERS  Blood disorders If you have a blood disorder it can effect your whole health Most common types of blood disorders : 1. Anemia : Anemia is the most common type of blood disorder. Anemia occurs when you don’t have enough red blood cells in your body. Function: is to attach to the hemoglobin to carry the oxygen to the body. When you have anemia, your body lacks oxygen, so you may experience one or more of the following symptoms: Weakness Shortness of breath Dizziness Fast or irregular heart beat Headache Bleeding disorders Bleeding disorders are group of conditions that occur when the blood can’t clot properly. Bleeding disorders are such as:  Hemophilia :which is caused by bleeding disorder most common symptoms are Bleeding gums Huge bleeding from small cuts Bleeding into joints Blood cancer There are three main types of blood cancers: 1. Leukemia, a type of cancer found in your blood and bone marrow, is caused by the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells. The high number of abnormal white blood cells are not able to fight infection, and they impair the ability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and platelets. 2. Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which removes excess fluids from your body and produces immune cells. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that fight infection. Abnormal lymphocytes become lymphoma cells, which multiply and collect in your lymph nodes and other tissues. Over time, these cancerous cells impair your immune system. 3. Myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells. Plasma cells are white blood cells that produce disease- and infection-fighting antibodies in your body. Myeloma cells prevent the normal production of antibodies, leaving your body's immune system weakened and susceptible to infection. Symptoms include Fever, chills, night sweats and other flu-like symptoms Weakness and fatigue Swollen or bleeding gums Headaches Enlarged liver and spleen