Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is plasma?
What is plasma?
Liquid component of blood, 55% of volume.
What are erythrocytes?
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells, 99% of cellular components.
What are leukocytes?
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells, less than 1% of components.
What are platelets?
What are platelets?
What is erythropoiesis?
What is erythropoiesis?
What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is hemostasis?
What is hemostasis?
What is the role of iron in blood?
What is the role of iron in blood?
What is the role of Vitamin B12 in blood?
What is the role of Vitamin B12 in blood?
What is the role of Folic Acid in blood?
What is the role of Folic Acid in blood?
What is Oxyhemoglobin?
What is Oxyhemoglobin?
What is Carbaminohemoglobin?
What is Carbaminohemoglobin?
What is Bilirubin?
What is Bilirubin?
What is Iron-deficiency Anemia?
What is Iron-deficiency Anemia?
What is Pernicious Anemia?
What is Pernicious Anemia?
What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
What are Agranulocytes?
What are Agranulocytes?
What are Neutrophils?
What are Neutrophils?
What is Vascular Spasm?
What is Vascular Spasm?
What is Platelet Plug Formation?
What is Platelet Plug Formation?
What is Coagulation?
What is Coagulation?
What is the purpose of vascular spasm?
What is the purpose of vascular spasm?
What is the Endothelium?
What is the Endothelium?
What are Endothelins?
What are Endothelins?
What is Von Willebrand Factor?
What is Von Willebrand Factor?
What is Adenosine Diphosphate?
What is Adenosine Diphosphate?
What is Platelet Factor 3 (PF-3)?
What is Platelet Factor 3 (PF-3)?
What is Clotting Factor XII?
What is Clotting Factor XII?
What is Thromboxane A2?
What is Thromboxane A2?
What effect does Cox-1 have on blood?
What effect does Cox-1 have on blood?
How is the Intrinsic Pathway activated?
How is the Intrinsic Pathway activated?
What factor does the Common Pathway involve in clotting?
What factor does the Common Pathway involve in clotting?
What is the role of Vitamin K in clotting?
What is the role of Vitamin K in clotting?
What is another name for Factor III?
What is another name for Factor III?
What are Anticoagulants?
What are Anticoagulants?
What produces thromboxane?
What produces thromboxane?
How does Coumadin prevent clotting
How does Coumadin prevent clotting
How does Sodium Citrate prevent clotting?
How does Sodium Citrate prevent clotting?
How does EDTA prevent blood coagulation?
How does EDTA prevent blood coagulation?
How does Heparin prevent clotting?
How does Heparin prevent clotting?
What are Agglutinogens?
What are Agglutinogens?
What antibodies does Blood Type A have in plasma?
What antibodies does Blood Type A have in plasma?
What antibodies does Blood Type O have?
What antibodies does Blood Type O have?
What does the Digestive System include?
What does the Digestive System include?
What function does the Mouth serve in digestion?
What function does the Mouth serve in digestion?
What function does the Esophagus serve in digestion?
What function does the Esophagus serve in digestion?
What function does the Small Intestine serve in digestion?
What function does the Small Intestine serve in digestion?
What is the Large Intestine responsible for?
What is the Large Intestine responsible for?
What are the Accessory Organs?
What are the Accessory Organs?
What is Bile?
What is Bile?
What function does the Gallbladder serve in digestion?
What function does the Gallbladder serve in digestion?
What function does the Pancreas serve in digestion?
What function does the Pancreas serve in digestion?
What is Hepatopancreatic sphincter responsible for?
What is Hepatopancreatic sphincter responsible for?
What is Cystic Duct responsible for?
What is Cystic Duct responsible for?
What is the function of the Maltase enzyme?
What is the function of the Maltase enzyme?
What does Sucrose split into?
What does Sucrose split into?
What is the function of the Carboxypeptidase enzyme?
What is the function of the Carboxypeptidase enzyme?
What is the function of the Trypsin enzyme?
What is the function of the Trypsin enzyme?
What purpose does the Chymotrypsin enzyme serve?
What purpose does the Chymotrypsin enzyme serve?
What is the function of the Salivary Amylase enzyme?
What is the function of the Salivary Amylase enzyme?
What is the function of the Pancreatic Amylase enzyme?
What is the function of the Pancreatic Amylase enzyme?
What function does Sodium Bicarbonate serve in the body?
What function does Sodium Bicarbonate serve in the body?
What function does Gastrin serve in the body?
What function does Gastrin serve in the body?
What function does Cholecystokinin (CCK) have in the body?
What function does Cholecystokinin (CCK) have in the body?
What function does Secretin have?
What function does Secretin have?
What function does Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide serve?
What function does Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide serve?
What function does Glucose Insulinotropic Peptide serve?
What function does Glucose Insulinotropic Peptide serve?
What is the normal range for MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)?
What is the normal range for MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)?
What is the normal range for EF (Ejection Fraction)?
What is the normal range for EF (Ejection Fraction)?
What is the normal range for CO (Cardiac Output)?
What is the normal range for CO (Cardiac Output)?
What are Anabolic Reactions?
What are Anabolic Reactions?
What is Glycolysis?
What is Glycolysis?
What does Krebs Cycle produce?
What does Krebs Cycle produce?
Define platelets.
Define platelets.
Why is iron important for red blood cell production?
Why is iron important for red blood cell production?
Why is vitamin B12 important for red blood cell production?
Why is vitamin B12 important for red blood cell production?
Why is Folic Acid important for red blood cell production?
Why is Folic Acid important for red blood cell production?
Define carbaminohemoglobin.
Define carbaminohemoglobin.
Define Sickle Cell Anemia.
Define Sickle Cell Anemia.
Define agranulocytes.
Define agranulocytes.
What do Eosinophils target?
What do Eosinophils target?
Describe basophils.
Describe basophils.
What leukocytes respond to viral infections?
What leukocytes respond to viral infections?
What do monocytes differentiate into?
What do monocytes differentiate into?
What physiological process occurs during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis?
What physiological process occurs during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis?
What occurs during the platelet plug formation phase of hemostasis?
What occurs during the platelet plug formation phase of hemostasis?
Describe the Coagulation phase of hemostasis.
Describe the Coagulation phase of hemostasis.
Define endothelium.
Define endothelium.
What is the role of endothelins in hemostasis?
What is the role of endothelins in hemostasis?
What is the role of Adenosine Diphosphate in hemostasis?
What is the role of Adenosine Diphosphate in hemostasis?
Clotting Factor XII is also known as what?
Clotting Factor XII is also known as what?
The Intrinsic Pathway is activated by what?
The Intrinsic Pathway is activated by what?
Which factor is involved in the Common Pathway of coagulation?
Which factor is involved in the Common Pathway of coagulation?
What activates the Extrinsic Pathway??
What activates the Extrinsic Pathway??
Which clotting factors require Vitamin K for synthesis?
Which clotting factors require Vitamin K for synthesis?
What is Factor IIa also know as?
What is Factor IIa also know as?
Define anticoagulants.
Define anticoagulants.
Explain how Cox-1 Inhibitors act as an anticogulant.
Explain how Cox-1 Inhibitors act as an anticogulant.
What is the role of Coumadin?
What is the role of Coumadin?
What is the role of Sodium Citrate?
What is the role of Sodium Citrate?
What is the role of EDTA?
What is the role of EDTA?
How does Heparin work?
How does Heparin work?
Define agglutinogens
Define agglutinogens
What does Blood Type A blood have in its plasma?
What does Blood Type A blood have in its plasma?
What antibodies does Blood Type AB blood have in its plasma?
What antibodies does Blood Type AB blood have in its plasma?
What is the digestive system?
What is the digestive system?
What is the Mouths role in digestion?
What is the Mouths role in digestion?
What is the Esophagus's role in digestion?
What is the Esophagus's role in digestion?
What is the Stomach's role in digestion?
What is the Stomach's role in digestion?
What is the Small Intestines role in digestion?
What is the Small Intestines role in digestion?
Which organs are the Accessory Organs?
Which organs are the Accessory Organs?
Explain the role of Bile in digestion.
Explain the role of Bile in digestion.
What is the role of the Gallbladder?
What is the role of the Gallbladder?
What is the function of the Pancreas in digestion?
What is the function of the Pancreas in digestion?
What is the role of the Hepatopancreatic sphincter?
What is the role of the Hepatopancreatic sphincter?
What is the role of the Cystic Duct?
What is the role of the Cystic Duct?
What does Maltase break down?
What does Maltase break down?
What does Lactase digest?
What does Lactase digest?
What does Carboxypeptidase digest?
What does Carboxypeptidase digest?
What is the role of Trypsin?
What is the role of Trypsin?
What does Salivary Amylase do?
What does Salivary Amylase do?
What does Pancreatic Amylase do?
What does Pancreatic Amylase do?
What is the role of Sodium Bicarbonate in the intestine?
What is the role of Sodium Bicarbonate in the intestine?
What is Gastrin's role in the digestion process?
What is Gastrin's role in the digestion process?
What is the role of Cholecystokinin (CCK)?
What is the role of Cholecystokinin (CCK)?
What's the function of Secretin?
What's the function of Secretin?
What is the role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide?
What is the role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide?
What is the role of Glucose Insulinotropic Peptide?
What is the role of Glucose Insulinotropic Peptide?
Define Peristalsis.
Define Peristalsis.
Define Anabolic Reactions.
Define Anabolic Reactions.
What is the purpose of Catabolic Reactions?
What is the purpose of Catabolic Reactions?
Where does Glycolysis produce ATP?
Where does Glycolysis produce ATP?
Where does the Krebs Cycle produce ATP, FADH2, NADH?
Where does the Krebs Cycle produce ATP, FADH2, NADH?
What component of blood makes up 55% of its volume?
What component of blood makes up 55% of its volume?
What is another name for red blood cells, which make up 99% of the cellular components of blood?
What is another name for red blood cells, which make up 99% of the cellular components of blood?
Which blood cells are known as white blood cells and make up less than 1% of blood components?
Which blood cells are known as white blood cells and make up less than 1% of blood components?
What cell fragments are essential for blood clotting?
What cell fragments are essential for blood clotting?
What is the term for the production of red blood cells in bone marrow?
What is the term for the production of red blood cells in bone marrow?
Which hormone, produced by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis?
Which hormone, produced by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis?
What is the process of blood clotting to prevent bleeding called?
What is the process of blood clotting to prevent bleeding called?
Which mineral is essential for hemoglobin synthesis during erythropoiesis?
Which mineral is essential for hemoglobin synthesis during erythropoiesis?
Which vitamin is necessary for red blood cell production and prevents anemia?
Which vitamin is necessary for red blood cell production and prevents anemia?
Which vitamin aids in red blood cell formation?
Which vitamin aids in red blood cell formation?
What is the name of the protein in erythrocytes that binds oxygen?
What is the name of the protein in erythrocytes that binds oxygen?
What is the term for hemoglobin bound to oxygen for transport?
What is the term for hemoglobin bound to oxygen for transport?
What is the term for hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide?
What is the term for hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide?
What is the product of hemoglobin breakdown that is excreted in bile?
What is the product of hemoglobin breakdown that is excreted in bile?
What is the condition of reduced red blood cell count called?
What is the condition of reduced red blood cell count called?
What is the most common type of anemia, caused by low iron?
What is the most common type of anemia, caused by low iron?
What type of anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12?
What type of anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12?
What is the genetic disorder that affects red blood cell shape called?
What is the genetic disorder that affects red blood cell shape called?
What type of leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm?
What type of leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm?
What type of leukocytes lack visible granules?
What type of leukocytes lack visible granules?
Which are the most abundant leukocytes that respond to bacteria?
Which are the most abundant leukocytes that respond to bacteria?
Which leukocytes target parasites and allergens?
Which leukocytes target parasites and allergens?
Which are the least common leukocytes, involved in allergic responses?
Which are the least common leukocytes, involved in allergic responses?
Which leukocytes differentiate into macrophages?
Which leukocytes differentiate into macrophages?
What is the initial phase of hemostasis, characterized by blood vessel constriction?
What is the initial phase of hemostasis, characterized by blood vessel constriction?
What is the second phase of hemostasis, involving the aggregation of platelets?
What is the second phase of hemostasis, involving the aggregation of platelets?
What is the final phase of hemostasis, leading to the formation of a blood clot?
What is the final phase of hemostasis, leading to the formation of a blood clot?
During vascular spasm, what do blood vessels do to reduce blood loss?
During vascular spasm, what do blood vessels do to reduce blood loss?
What is the inner lining of blood vessels called?
What is the inner lining of blood vessels called?
What are the peptides that cause blood vessel constriction called?
What are the peptides that cause blood vessel constriction called?
Which factor binds collagen and platelets for clotting?
Which factor binds collagen and platelets for clotting?
Which molecule increases platelet stickiness during clotting?
Which molecule increases platelet stickiness during clotting?
Which platelet factor is essential for the blood coagulation process?
Which platelet factor is essential for the blood coagulation process?
Which clotting factor, also known as Hageman Factor, initiates clotting?
Which clotting factor, also known as Hageman Factor, initiates clotting?
Which molecule promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction?
Which molecule promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction?
Which enzyme enhances platelet stickiness?
Which enzyme enhances platelet stickiness?
Which pathway is activated by exposed collagen fibers?
Which pathway is activated by exposed collagen fibers?
Which pathway involves Factor X in clotting?
Which pathway involves Factor X in clotting?
Which pathway is activated by tissue damage and involves Factor III?
Which pathway is activated by tissue damage and involves Factor III?
Which vitamin is essential for synthesizing clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Which vitamin is essential for synthesizing clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X?
What is the active form of Prothrombin known as?
What is the active form of Prothrombin known as?
What is the active form of Fibrinogen known as?
What is the active form of Fibrinogen known as?
What are substances that prevent blood clotting called?
What are substances that prevent blood clotting called?
How does aspirin act as a Cox-1 Inhibitor to prevent thromboxane production?
How does aspirin act as a Cox-1 Inhibitor to prevent thromboxane production?
What is the function of Coumadin in the context of blood clotting?
What is the function of Coumadin in the context of blood clotting?
How does Heparin work to prevent clotting?
How does Heparin work to prevent clotting?
What are antigens on red blood cell surfaces called?
What are antigens on red blood cell surfaces called?
What are antibodies in plasma that react with agglutinogens called?
What are antibodies in plasma that react with agglutinogens called?
Which antibodies are found in the plasma of individuals with Blood Type A?
Which antibodies are found in the plasma of individuals with Blood Type A?
What is the function of the Digestive System?
What is the function of the Digestive System?
What occurs in the mouth during digestion?
What occurs in the mouth during digestion?
What is the role of the Esophagus in digestion?
What is the role of the Esophagus in digestion?
What digestive processes occur in the Stomach?
What digestive processes occur in the Stomach?
What is the primary function of the Small Intestine in digestion?
What is the primary function of the Small Intestine in digestion?
What roles does the Large Intestine play in digestion?
What roles does the Large Intestine play in digestion?
Which organs in the digestive system are considered Accessory Organs?
Which organs in the digestive system are considered Accessory Organs?
What role does Bile play in digestion?
What role does Bile play in digestion?
What is the function of the Gallbladder within the digestive system?
What is the function of the Gallbladder within the digestive system?
What products are produced by the Pancreas that assist in digestion?
What products are produced by the Pancreas that assist in digestion?
What is the function of the Hepatopancreatic sphincter?
What is the function of the Hepatopancreatic sphincter?
What does the Cystic Duct connect?
What does the Cystic Duct connect?
What reaction does the enzyme Maltase catalyze?
What reaction does the enzyme Maltase catalyze?
What products result from breaking down Sucrose?
What products result from breaking down Sucrose?
What process is carried out by the enzyme Lactase?
What process is carried out by the enzyme Lactase?
What molecules does the enzyme Peptidase digest?
What molecules does the enzyme Peptidase digest?
Which substance is digested by Carboxypeptidase?
Which substance is digested by Carboxypeptidase?
What role does Trypsin play in the digestive system?
What role does Trypsin play in the digestive system?
Which molecules are broken down by the enzyme Chymotrypsin?
Which molecules are broken down by the enzyme Chymotrypsin?
What process does Salivary Amylase initiate?
What process does Salivary Amylase initiate?
Which conversion is catalyzed by Pancreatic Amylase?
Which conversion is catalyzed by Pancreatic Amylase?
The enzyme Lipase is responsible for the digestion of which type of molecule?
The enzyme Lipase is responsible for the digestion of which type of molecule?
What function does Sodium Bicarbonate perform in digestion?
What function does Sodium Bicarbonate perform in digestion?
What digestive process is stimulated by the hormone Gastrin?
What digestive process is stimulated by the hormone Gastrin?
What is stimulated by the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK)?
What is stimulated by the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK)?
What process is stimulated by the hormone Secretin?
What process is stimulated by the hormone Secretin?
What effect is produced by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide?
What effect is produced by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide?
What process is stimulated by Glucose Insulinotropic Peptide?
What process is stimulated by Glucose Insulinotropic Peptide?
What is the nature of Peristalsis?
What is the nature of Peristalsis?
What is regarded as a normal range for MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)?
What is regarded as a normal range for MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)?
What is considered a normal range for EF (Ejection Fraction)?
What is considered a normal range for EF (Ejection Fraction)?
What are the Normal values for CO (Cardiac Output)?
What are the Normal values for CO (Cardiac Output)?
What occurs during Anabolic Reactions?
What occurs during Anabolic Reactions?
What process accompanies Glycolysis?
What process accompanies Glycolysis?
What is produced during Krebs Cycle?
What is produced during Krebs Cycle?
Flashcards
Plasma
Plasma
Liquid component of blood, 55% of volume.
Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells, 99% of cellular components.
Leukocytes
Leukocytes
White blood cells, less than 1% of components.
Platelets
Platelets
Signup and view all the flashcards
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Iron
Iron
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12
Signup and view all the flashcards
Folic Acid
Folic Acid
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Carbaminohemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bilirubin
Bilirubin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anemia
Anemia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Iron-deficiency Anemia
Iron-deficiency Anemia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pernicious Anemia
Pernicious Anemia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Granulocytes
Granulocytes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vascular Spasm
Vascular Spasm
Signup and view all the flashcards
Endothelium
Endothelium
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vitamin K
Vitamin K
Signup and view all the flashcards
Factor II
Factor II
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants
Signup and view all the flashcards
Agglutinogens
Agglutinogens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Agglutinins
Agglutinins
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blood Type A
Blood Type A
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blood Type B
Blood Type B
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blood Type AB
Blood Type AB
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blood Type O
Blood Type O
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
- Study notes on blood components, erythrocytes, and digestion including key functions, definitions, and normal ranges.
Blood Components and Erythrocytes
- Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up 55% of its total volume.
- Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, constitute 99% of the blood's cellular components.
- Leukocytes, known as white blood cells, account for less than 1% of blood components.
- Platelets are cell fragments essential for blood clotting.
- Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells, occurring in bone marrow.
- Erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone produced by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis.
- Hemostasis is the process of blood clotting that prevents bleeding.
- Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis during erythropoiesis.
- Vitamin B12 prevents anemia and is necessary for red blood cell production.
- Folic acid is a vitamin that aids in the formation of red blood cells.
- Hemoglobin is a protein in erythrocytes that binds oxygen for transport.
- Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin bound to oxygen to facilitate oxygen transport.
- Carbaminohemoglobin is hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide.
- Carboxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide.
- Bilirubin is a product of hemoglobin breakdown and is excreted in bile.
- Anemia is a condition characterized by a reduced red blood cell count.
- Iron-deficiency anemia, the most common type, results from low iron levels.
- Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12.
- Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder affecting the shape of red blood cells.
- Granulocytes are a type of leukocyte containing granules in their cytoplasm.
- Agranulocytes are leukocytes that lack visible granules.
- Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes and respond to bacterial infections.
- Eosinophils are leukocytes that target parasites and allergens.
- Basophils, the least common leukocytes, are involved in allergic responses.
- Lymphocytes are leukocytes that respond to viral infections.
- Monocytes are leukocytes that differentiate into macrophages.
Hemostasis and Clotting Factors
- Vascular spasm is the initial phase of hemostasis, involving blood vessel constriction.
- Platelet plug formation is the second phase, characterized by platelet aggregation.
- Coagulation is the final phase of hemostasis, resulting in the formation of a blood clot.
- Endothelium is the inner lining of blood vessels.
- Endothelins are peptides causing blood vessel constriction.
- Von Willebrand Factor binds collagen and platelets to facilitate clotting.
- Adenosine Diphosphate increases platelet stickiness during clotting.
- Platelet Factor 3 (PF-3) is essential for blood coagulation.
- Clotting Factor XII, also known as Hageman Factor, initiates clotting.
- Thromboxane A2 promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.
- Cox-1 is an enzyme that enhances platelet stickiness.
- The intrinsic pathway for clotting is activated by exposed collagen fibers.
- The common pathway involves Factor X in the clotting process.
- The extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue damage and involves Factor III.
- Vitamin K is essential for synthesizing clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.
- Factor III, also known as tissue factor, initiates the extrinsic pathway.
- Factor VII is also known as Proconvertin.
- Factor X is also known as Stuart-Power Factor.
- Factor XI is also known as Antihemophilic Factor C.
- Factor IX is also known as Christmas Factor.
- Factor II is also known as Prothrombin, acts as a precursor to thrombin.
- Factor IIa is the active form of Prothrombin, known as Thrombin.
- Factor XIII is also known as Fibrin Stabilizing Factor.
- Factor I, also known as Fibrinogen, a precursor to fibrin.
- Factor Ia is the active form of Fibrinogen, known as Fibrin.
Anticoagulants and Blood Types
- Anticoagulants are substances that prevent blood clotting.
- Cox-1 inhibitors, like aspirin, prevent thromboxane production.
- Coumadin prevents vitamin K utilization in clotting.
- Sodium Citrate prevents clotting by binding calcium.
- EDTA prevents blood coagulation by binding calcium.
- Heparin inhibits prothrombin activation to prevent clotting.
- Agglutinogens are antigens present on red blood cell surfaces.
- Agglutinins are antibodies in plasma that react with agglutinogens.
- Blood Type A has anti-B antibodies in plasma.
- Blood Type B has anti-A antibodies in plasma.
- Blood Type AB has no antibodies in plasma.
- Blood Type O has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Digestive System Overview
- The digestive system includes organs responsible for food digestion and absorption.
- The mouth is the site of mechanical digestion and starch breakdown.
- The esophagus transports food via peristalsis to the stomach.
- The stomach secretes acids and enzymes for protein digestion.
- The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption.
- The large intestine is responsible for waste removal and water absorption.
- Accessory organs, including the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, aid in digestion.
- The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.
- The gallbladder stores bile for digestion.
- The pancreas produces hormones and digestive enzymes.
- The hepatopancreatic sphincter regulates the flow from the pancreas and gallbladder.
- The cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the bile duct.
Digestive Enzymes
- Maltase is the enzyme breaking maltose into glucose.
- Sucrase splits sucrose into fructose and glucose
- Lactase digests lactose into glucose and galactose.
- Peptidase is an enzyme that digests polypeptides.
- Carboxypeptidase is a pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins.
- Trypsin is a pancreatic enzyme for protein digestion.
- Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme breaking down proteins.
- Salivary Amylase is an enzyme initiating starch digestion in saliva.
- Pancreatic Amylase converts starch to maltose in the small intestine.
- Lipase digests lipids.
Digestive Hormones
- Sodium Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine.
- Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion.
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) triggers bile release from the gallbladder.
- Secretin stimulates pancreatic buffer secretion.
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide promotes capillary dilation near the small intestine.
- Glucose Insulinotropic Peptide stimulates insulin release from the pancreas.
Physiological Processes
- Peristalsis is the wave-like muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive tract.
- Normal Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) range: 70-110 mmHg.
- Normal Ejection Fraction (EF) range: 55-70%.
- Normal Cardiac Output (CO) range: 4-8 L/min.
- Anabolic reactions are building-up processes requiring energy.
- Catabolic reactions are breaking-down processes releasing energy.
- Glycolysis produces ATP in the cytosol.
- The Krebs Cycle produces ATP, FADH2, and NADH in the mitochondria.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
