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Questions and Answers
According to the equation relating pressure gradient, resistance, and flow, what change would decrease flow?
According to the equation relating pressure gradient, resistance, and flow, what change would decrease flow?
- Doubling the pressure gradient while halving the resistance.
- Decreasing the pressure gradient while resistance stays the same. (correct)
- Halving the resistance while the pressure gradient stays the same.
- Doubling both the pressure gradient and the resistance.
Which of the following best describes the effect of increased erythropoietin secretion?
Which of the following best describes the effect of increased erythropoietin secretion?
- Increased leukocyte production, leading to higher hematocrit and improved immune response.
- Increased erythrocyte production, leading to higher hematocrit and increased blood viscosity. (correct)
- Decreased thrombocyte production, leading to lower hematocrit and impaired blood clotting.
- Decreased erythrocyte production, leading to lower hematocrit and reduced blood viscosity.
If a patient has a significantly lower than normal hematocrit, which blood component is most likely deficient?
If a patient has a significantly lower than normal hematocrit, which blood component is most likely deficient?
- Thrombocytes.
- Plasma.
- Erythrocytes. (correct)
- Leukocytes.
Which sequence describes the correct order of events in blood clot dissolution?
Which sequence describes the correct order of events in blood clot dissolution?
Why is a vascular spasm an important immediate response to a blood vessel injury?
Why is a vascular spasm an important immediate response to a blood vessel injury?
If a thrombus detaches from a blood vessel wall, becoming an embolus, what is the most likely consequence?
If a thrombus detaches from a blood vessel wall, becoming an embolus, what is the most likely consequence?
Which of the following correctly pairs a heart structure with its primary function?
Which of the following correctly pairs a heart structure with its primary function?
What would be the most likely effect of damage to the AV node?
What would be the most likely effect of damage to the AV node?
How are compliance and blood vessel wall thickness related, and what implication does this have for pulmonary arteries compared to systemic arteries?
How are compliance and blood vessel wall thickness related, and what implication does this have for pulmonary arteries compared to systemic arteries?
If baroreceptors were experimentally moved from the systemic arteries to the pulmonary arteries, what would be a likely consequence?
If baroreceptors were experimentally moved from the systemic arteries to the pulmonary arteries, what would be a likely consequence?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between an antigen, a pathogen, and the immune system?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between an antigen, a pathogen, and the immune system?
Which cell types are critical for presenting antigens to T lymphocytes, initiating adaptive immune responses?
Which cell types are critical for presenting antigens to T lymphocytes, initiating adaptive immune responses?
Redness, swelling, heat, and pain are cardinal signs of inflammation. What best explains the underlying cause of the swelling associated with inflammation?
Redness, swelling, heat, and pain are cardinal signs of inflammation. What best explains the underlying cause of the swelling associated with inflammation?
Which class of antibody is most likely to be involved in allergic reactions, such as hay fever or asthma?
Which class of antibody is most likely to be involved in allergic reactions, such as hay fever or asthma?
Following vaccination, which type of T lymphocyte is most directly responsible for long-term immunity against a specific pathogen?
Following vaccination, which type of T lymphocyte is most directly responsible for long-term immunity against a specific pathogen?
Flashcards
Flow Equation
Flow Equation
Flow equals the pressure gradient divided by resistance.
Hematocrit
Hematocrit
Percentage of formed elements (mostly erythrocytes) in blood.
Erythropoietin's Role
Erythropoietin's Role
Hormone that increases erythrocyte production, raising hematocrit and oxygen delivery.
Blood Components
Blood Components
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Major Component of Plasma
Major Component of Plasma
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Solid Portion of Blood
Solid Portion of Blood
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Plasminogen
Plasminogen
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Fibrin
Fibrin
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Vascular Spasm
Vascular Spasm
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Thrombin
Thrombin
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Embolus
Embolus
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Atrium
Atrium
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AV Node
AV Node
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Artery
Artery
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Compliance
Compliance
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Study Notes
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Flow equals the pressure gradient divided by resistance
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Hematocrit is the percentage of formed elements in the blood, made up almost exclusively of erythrocytes
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Erythropoietin increases erythrocyte number, which increases hematocrit
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More erythrocytes increase the blood's ability to deliver oxygen
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An increase in hematocrit increases resistance to blood flow
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The components of blood are the liquid portion (plasma) and the solid portion (formed elements).
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Plasma makes up more than half of the blood and is mostly water
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The major components of the solid portion of blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
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Erythrocytes transport oxygen and make up almost 100% of the formed elements
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Leukocytes are for immunity and make up less than 1% of the formed elements
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Thrombocytes are for blood clotting and make up a small percentage of formed elements
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Plasminogen is an inactive form of blood protein and when activated to plasmin, it dissolves blood clots
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Fibrin is an active form of blood clotting protein and is the final step in clot formation
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Vascular spasm is smooth muscle contraction in response to blood vessel damage and decreases blood flow to injury
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Thrombin is an active form of blood clotting protein and converts fibrinogen to fibrin
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An embolus is a blood clot that moves and can lodge in a vessel, decreasing downstream blood flow
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The atrium is the input chamber of the heart and receives blood from veins
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The AV node acts as a pacemaker and causes ventricular depolarization, represented by the QRS complex on an EKG
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An artery carries blood away from the heart and receives blood exiting a ventricle
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A vein carries blood toward the heart and carries blood to an atrium
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A ventricle is the output chamber of the heart and pumps blood into an artery
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Compliance is the stretchiness or elasticity of a blood vessel.
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Compliance is inversely proportional to the thickness of a blood vessel
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Systemic arteries are thicker than pulmonary arteries
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Baroreceptors respond to stretch of arterial walls, causing a drop in blood pressure
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Moving baroreceptors to pulmonary arteries would increase their activity and drop blood pressure
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An antigen is any molecule, often a protein, not recognized by the immune system
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A pathogen is any disease-causing microorganism.
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The three antigen-presenting cells are macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes.
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MHC (major histocompatibility complex) identifies membrane proteins used by the immune system
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MHC I is found on the membranes of all cells with nuclei
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MHC II is found only on antigen-presenting cells
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The four cardinal signs of inflammation:
- Redness: increased blood flow
- Increased temperature: increased blood flow and metabolism
- Swelling: increased permeability of blood vessels
- Pain: release of pain-inducing chemicals
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The five classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins):
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA): Found in body secretions
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD): B cell receptor
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE): Allergic reactions
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG): Most common antibody that crosses the placenta
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM): Released in high amounts after second exposure to an antigen
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Four Types of T Lymphocytes
- Helper T: "ON" switch to active immunity
- Suppressor T: "OFF" switch to active immunity
- Cytotoxic T: Destroys virus-infected cells
- Memory T: Divides rapidly to produce all types of T cells when the same antigen is encountered
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Active immunity is the formation of memory cells, creating a stronger response if the same antigen is encountered again
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Passive immunity is no formation of memory cells, inhibiting a stronger response if the same antigen is encountered again
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