Blood Components and Blood Types

Blood Components

• Whole blood: composed of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets suspended in plasma
• Packed red blood cells (RBCs): concentrated RBCs with minimal plasma and WBCs
• Fresh frozen plasma (FFP): frozen plasma containing coagulation factors
• Platelets: concentrated platelets with minimal plasma and RBCs
• Cryoprecipitate: frozen precipitate of FFP containing fibrinogen, factor VIII, and XIII

Blood Types

• ABO blood group system:
  • A and B antigens on RBCs
  • A and B antibodies in plasma
  • Four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O
• Rh blood group system:
  • RhD antigen on RBCs
  • Rh positive (RhD antigen present) or Rh negative (RhD antigen absent)
• Other blood group systems: Kell, Duffy, Kidd, MNS, and P

Blood Transfusion

• Indications:
  • Anemia
  • Bleeding or hemorrhage
  • Surgical procedures
  • Trauma
• Contraindications:
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Blood transfusion reactions:
  • Acute hemolytic reaction
  • Febrile non-hemolytic reaction
  • Allergic reaction
  • Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)

Hemostasis

• Primary hemostasis: platelet plug formation
• Secondary hemostasis: coagulation cascade
• Coagulation factors:
  • Intrinsic pathway: XII, XI, IX, VIII
  • Extrinsic pathway: VII, tissue factor
  • Common pathway: X, V, II, I
• Fibrinolysis: breakdown of fibrin clots by plasmin

Anemia

• Definition: decreased RBC mass or hemoglobin concentration
• Classification:
  • Microcytic (small RBCs): iron deficiency, thalassemia
  • Macrocytic (large RBCs): vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
  • Normocytic (normal RBC size): chronic disease, bone marrow failure
• Symptoms:
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Pallor

Bleeding Disorders

• Platelet disorders:
  • Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
  • Thrombasthenia (platelet dysfunction)
• Coagulation disorders:
  • Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
  • Hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency)
  • Von Willebrand disease (VWF deficiency)
• Symptoms:
  • Easy bruising
  • Petechiae
  • Prolonged bleeding
  • Hematomas

Blood Components

• Whole blood consists of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets suspended in plasma
• Packed red blood cells (RBCs) are concentrated RBCs with minimal plasma and WBCs
• Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is frozen plasma containing coagulation factors
• Platelets are concentrated platelets with minimal plasma and RBCs
• Cryoprecipitate is a frozen precipitate of FFP containing fibrinogen, factor VIII, and XIII

Blood Types

• ABO blood group system: A and B antigens on RBCs, A and B antibodies in plasma
• Four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O
• Rh blood group system: RhD antigen on RBCs, Rh positive (RhD antigen present) or Rh negative (RhD antigen absent)
• Other blood group systems: Kell, Duffy, Kidd, MNS, and P

Blood Transfusion

• Indications: anemia, bleeding or hemorrhage, surgical procedures, and trauma
• Contraindications: hemolytic disease of the newborn, autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Blood transfusion reactions: acute hemolytic reaction, febrile non-hemolytic reaction, allergic reaction, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)

Hemostasis

• Primary hemostasis: platelet plug formation
• Secondary hemostasis: coagulation cascade
• Coagulation factors: intrinsic pathway (XII, XI, IX, VIII), extrinsic pathway (VII, tissue factor), common pathway (X, V, II, I)
• Fibrinolysis: breakdown of fibrin clots by plasmin

Anemia

• Definition: decreased RBC mass or hemoglobin concentration
• Classification: microcytic (small RBCs), macrocytic (large RBCs), normocytic (normal RBC size)
• Microcytic anemia: iron deficiency, thalassemia
• Macrocytic anemia: vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
• Normocytic anemia: chronic disease, bone marrow failure
• Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pallor

Bleeding Disorders

• Platelet disorders: thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), thrombasthenia (platelet dysfunction)
• Coagulation disorders: hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency), von Willebrand disease (VWF deficiency)
• Symptoms: easy bruising, petechiae, prolonged bleeding, hematomas

This quiz covers the different components of blood, including whole blood, packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets. It also explores the ABO blood group system, including A and B antigens and antibodies.