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Questions and Answers
What can cause jaundice as a result of hemolysis during a blood transfusion?
What can cause jaundice as a result of hemolysis during a blood transfusion?
Which complication can occur due to mechanical overloading in patients with cardiac diseases after a blood transfusion?
Which complication can occur due to mechanical overloading in patients with cardiac diseases after a blood transfusion?
What is a major risk associated with delayed transfusion reactions?
What is a major risk associated with delayed transfusion reactions?
What can lead to excessive citrate infusion during massive blood transfusions?
What can lead to excessive citrate infusion during massive blood transfusions?
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Which factor is crucial for ensuring longer shelf life and stability of blood for transfusion?
Which factor is crucial for ensuring longer shelf life and stability of blood for transfusion?
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Which blood groups were discovered by Karl Landsteiner?
Which blood groups were discovered by Karl Landsteiner?
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What is the main purpose of fresh frozen plasma during a transfusion?
What is the main purpose of fresh frozen plasma during a transfusion?
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What is the maximum storage duration for red blood cells?
What is the maximum storage duration for red blood cells?
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Which complication arises from immune transfusion reactions?
Which complication arises from immune transfusion reactions?
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What is needed before administering platelets from a donor?
What is needed before administering platelets from a donor?
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How are cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma similar in terms of storage?
How are cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma similar in terms of storage?
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What volume increase in hemoglobin can be expected from 1 unit of packed red blood cells?
What volume increase in hemoglobin can be expected from 1 unit of packed red blood cells?
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What can occur as a result of agglutinated red blood cells during an acute transfusion reaction?
What can occur as a result of agglutinated red blood cells during an acute transfusion reaction?
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What happens when Rh-negative individuals are transfused with Rh-positive blood?
What happens when Rh-negative individuals are transfused with Rh-positive blood?
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Which of the following best describes agglutinins?
Which of the following best describes agglutinins?
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What is the result of a RhD-negative mother having a RhD-positive fetus?
What is the result of a RhD-negative mother having a RhD-positive fetus?
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What condition is associated with Rh incompatibility that can occur during pregnancy?
What condition is associated with Rh incompatibility that can occur during pregnancy?
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What is the primary function of red blood cells in the blood?
What is the primary function of red blood cells in the blood?
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Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the hemostatic function?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the hemostatic function?
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What is the purpose of giving anti-Rh antibodies to an Rh-negative mother?
What is the purpose of giving anti-Rh antibodies to an Rh-negative mother?
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What are the implications of finding agglutinin D in the population?
What are the implications of finding agglutinin D in the population?
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What is the average volume of blood in a male?
What is the average volume of blood in a male?
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Rh incompatibility?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Rh incompatibility?
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Haemopoiesis, the formation of blood cells, primarily occurs in which part of the body?
Haemopoiesis, the formation of blood cells, primarily occurs in which part of the body?
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Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure?
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What is the genotype for an individual with no D antigen?
What is the genotype for an individual with no D antigen?
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Which blood component is involved in immune defense?
Which blood component is involved in immune defense?
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What is the major significance of the ABO blood group system?
What is the major significance of the ABO blood group system?
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Which component of blood primarily transports metabolic waste to the kidneys?
Which component of blood primarily transports metabolic waste to the kidneys?
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What is the life span of a red blood cell (RBC) in circulation?
What is the life span of a red blood cell (RBC) in circulation?
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Which component of hemoglobin allows it to bind to oxygen?
Which component of hemoglobin allows it to bind to oxygen?
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What is the normal hemoglobin content in blood for men?
What is the normal hemoglobin content in blood for men?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of hemoglobin?
Which of the following is NOT a function of hemoglobin?
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Which blood group contains both A and B agglutinogens?
Which blood group contains both A and B agglutinogens?
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What type of antibodies are produced against red cell agglutinogens not expressed by an individual?
What type of antibodies are produced against red cell agglutinogens not expressed by an individual?
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What happens to old red blood cells in the body?
What happens to old red blood cells in the body?
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What is the shape of red blood cells, and why is it significant?
What is the shape of red blood cells, and why is it significant?
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Study Notes
Blood Components and Blood Groups
- Blood is a red fluid circulated by the heart throughout the body
- Average volume: 5 liters in women, 5.5 liters in men
- Blood components comprise fluid (plasma) and cellular elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)
Objectives
- Describe different blood cell types and their functions
- Give an account of the ABO blood group system and its significance
- Understand hemolytic disease of the newborn
- Briefly understand transfusion reactions
- Understand issues in managing massive blood loss
Blood Composition
- Fluid part (Plasma): Largely made in the liver; includes clotting factors, albumin, and immunoglobulins
- Cellular elements: Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes); all formed in bone marrow
RBCs (Erythrocytes)
- Shape: Non-nucleated, biconcave discs for increased surface area for gas exchange
- Number: 5 million/mm³
- Life span: 120 days
- Content: Hemoglobin (60% water), inorganic and organic substances (enzymes), no nucleus, organelles, or ribosomes
- Membrane: Semipermeable, containing agglutinogens determining blood groups; keeps hemoglobin inside to prevent loss in urine
Hemoglobin (Hb)
- Red pigment (appears red when combined with O2, bluish when deoxygenated)
- Structure: 4 polypeptide chains (globin portion) and 4 iron-containing protoporphyrin molecules (heme moiety). Each Hb molecule can carry 4 O₂ molecules
- Functions: Transports O2 and CO2, acts as a buffer in blood
- Content: Normal hemoglobin content is 16g/dl in men and 14g/dl in women
Fate of RBCs
- Old RBCs are taken up by the spleen
- Hb molecule is broken down into heme and globin
- Globin is broken down into amino acids (A.As)
- Heme is broken down into iron (reused) and bile pigments (bilirubin, biliverdin)
- Bile pigments are excreted
Blood Groups
- ABO system: Discovered by Landsteiner in 1901; blood types A, B, AB, and O; agglutinogens (A and B glycoproteins) found on RBC membranes, also in many tissues including lungs, liver, and kidneys
- Antibodies (Agglutinins): Naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B in plasma.
- Rh system: Named for rhesus monkeys; "D" is the most important antigen, Rh-positive individuals have D antigen (85-90% of population); Rh-negative individuals lack D antigen.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Incompatible blood transfusions lead to agglutination (antigen-antibody reaction)
- Agglutinated RBCs block capillaries, hemolyze, and release Hb
- Free Hb causes renal damage and possible death via jaundice
- Histamine release leads to hypotension
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
- Rh-incompatibility between mother and fetus: If an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, her IgG anti-D antibodies can cross the placenta
- Maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells, causing hemolysis of fetal RBCs
- Severe cases can lead to hydrops fetalis (severe edema) and death
Prevention of HDN
- Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) prophylaxis: Administering RhIg within 72 hours of delivery of a Rh+ baby
- Careful blood transfusions: Ensure compatibility
Blood Transfusion Indications
- Hemorrhage
- Severe anemia
- Sickle cell disease
- Clotting disorders
- Erythroblastosis fetalis
Types of Blood Transfusion
- Whole Blood: Contains red blood cells, platelets and plasma. Broken down for further transfusion
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Increase Hemoglobin
- Platelets: From single or multiple donors. For clotting disorders
- Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP): For clotting disorders
- Cryoprecipitate: Consists of factors VIII and fibrinogen, also used for clotting-related bleeding
Transfusion Reactions
- Immune: Acute and delayed hemolytic reactions, anaphylaxis, post-transfusion purpura, neonatal immune disorders (e.g., Rh disease)
- Non-immune: Infective (bacteria, viruses, prions), iron overload
Dangers of Blood Transfusion
- Immediate: Hemolytic reactions, mechanical overload, hyperkalemia, citrate intoxication, bacterial contamination
- Delayed: Transmission of infectious diseases (e.g., HIV, hepatitis)
Special Considerations
- Age of blood: Young blood lasts longer, less cation leakage; for multiply transfused conditions
- Specific phenotype requests (Rh, Kell)
- Irradiated blood: for patients with depressed T cell function
- CMV negative blood for transplant recipients
- Other considerations like washed blood, plasma-depleted blood
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various components of blood and their functions in the body. This quiz covers blood cell types, the ABO blood group system, and critical concepts such as hemolytic disease and transfusion reactions. Gain a deeper understanding of blood composition and its medical significance.
