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Questions and Answers
What is the average life span of a red blood cell?
What is the average life span of a red blood cell?
If a strict vegan develops anemia due to a nutritional deficiency, what is the most likely candidate?
If a strict vegan develops anemia due to a nutritional deficiency, what is the most likely candidate?
In adults, where is the primary site of white blood cell formation?
In adults, where is the primary site of white blood cell formation?
Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of what element?
Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of what element?
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What is the likely cause of aplastic anemia?
What is the likely cause of aplastic anemia?
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Which pathway of coagulation is initiated by the activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen?
Which pathway of coagulation is initiated by the activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen?
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In the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, what activates Factor XII?
In the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, what activates Factor XII?
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What marks the beginning of the common pathway of coagulation?
What marks the beginning of the common pathway of coagulation?
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Which process specifically dissolves clots?
Which process specifically dissolves clots?
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What causes the release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium in coagulation?
What causes the release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium in coagulation?
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What is the likely consequence of an obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys?
What is the likely consequence of an obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys?
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If Mary's hemoglobin level is 16 g/dL, what can be concluded about her health status?
If Mary's hemoglobin level is 16 g/dL, what can be concluded about her health status?
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Why might the surgical removal of the stomach cause pernicious anemia?
Why might the surgical removal of the stomach cause pernicious anemia?
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Which condition could lead to a rise in erythropoietin levels in the blood?
Which condition could lead to a rise in erythropoietin levels in the blood?
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Why might there be insufficient heme in the hemoglobin?
Why might there be insufficient heme in the hemoglobin?
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Why are people with type AB blood considered the universal recipient for transfusions?
Why are people with type AB blood considered the universal recipient for transfusions?
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What is a characteristic of type AB blood?
What is a characteristic of type AB blood?
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In whose blood are Anti-D antibodies present?
In whose blood are Anti-D antibodies present?
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What happens when an Rh negative individual is exposed to the D surface antigen?
What happens when an Rh negative individual is exposed to the D surface antigen?
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Which blood type can be considered the universal donor?
Which blood type can be considered the universal donor?
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What is a risk of mismatched blood transfusions?
What is a risk of mismatched blood transfusions?
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What is the main function of erythropoietin in the context of anemia?
What is the main function of erythropoietin in the context of anemia?
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Why can damaged kidneys lead to anemia in patients?
Why can damaged kidneys lead to anemia in patients?
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Which component is responsible for preventing erythroblastosis fetalis in Rh-negative mothers?
Which component is responsible for preventing erythroblastosis fetalis in Rh-negative mothers?
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What is the mechanism by which Rhogam prevents hemolytic disease of the newborn?
What is the mechanism by which Rhogam prevents hemolytic disease of the newborn?
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In patients with advanced kidney disease, what happens to erythropoietin?
In patients with advanced kidney disease, what happens to erythropoietin?
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Why is synthetic erythropoietin injected into kidney patients?
Why is synthetic erythropoietin injected into kidney patients?
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Study Notes
Life Span and Cell Formation
- The average lifespan of a red blood cell is approximately 120 days.
- Adults primarily form white blood cells in the bone marrow.
Nutritional Deficiency and Anemia
- A strict vegan is most likely to develop anemia due to a deficiency in vitamin B12.
- Surgical removal of the stomach can lead to pernicious anemia because intrinsic factor, necessary for B12 absorption, is produced in the stomach.
Hemoglobin and Coagulation
- Each heme ring in hemoglobin contains an iron (Fe) atom.
- The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated when Factor XII is activated by contact with negatively charged surfaces, such as collagen.
- The common pathway of coagulation begins with the activation of Factor X.
Coagulation Mechanisms
- Tissue factor (Factor III) is released by damaged endothelium in response to injury.
- Fibrinolysis is the process that specifically dissolves clots.
- An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys can lead to acute kidney injury and renal failure.
Blood Characteristics and Transfusions
- A hemoglobin level of 16 g/dL suggests that Mary is likely healthy, as normal levels range from 12 to 16 g/dL for women and 13.5 to 17.5 g/dL for men.
- Insufficient heme in hemoglobin can occur due to iron deficiency.
- Blood type AB individuals are considered universal recipients because they lack anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Blood Type Antibodies
- Anti-D antibodies are present in Rh-negative individuals if they have been previously sensitized to Rh-positive blood.
- When an Rh-negative individual is exposed to the D antigen, they may develop an immune response that can cause complications in future pregnancies if they conceive an Rh-positive child.
Blood Donation and Risks
- Type O-negative blood is the universal donor, as it lacks A, B, and D antigens.
- Mismatched blood transfusions can cause acute hemolytic reactions, which are potentially life-threatening.
Erythropoietin and Kidney Function
- Erythropoietin primarily stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow, especially during anemia.
- Damaged kidneys can lead to anemia due to a reduced ability to produce erythropoietin.
- In patients with advanced kidney disease, erythropoietin production is often decreased, leading to further anemia.
Preventing Hemolytic Disease
- Rhogam (Rho(D) immune globulin) prevents erythroblastosis fetalis in Rh-negative mothers by suppressing the immune response to Rh-positive cells.
- Rhogam works by providing passive immunity, preventing the mother's immune system from recognizing and attacking Rh-positive fetal red blood cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge on blood types and transfusions by answering multiple-choice questions related to blood compatibility. Explore why people with type AB blood are considered universal recipients for transfusions, and understand the underlying principles of blood agglutinins.
