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Questions and Answers
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of plaque in blood vessels?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of plaque in blood vessels?
Which type of white blood cell is considered the most abundant and typically the first to respond to an infection?
Which type of white blood cell is considered the most abundant and typically the first to respond to an infection?
What term describes a moving blood clot?
What term describes a moving blood clot?
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Which part of the heart wall is thickest and consists primarily of cardiac muscle cells?
Which part of the heart wall is thickest and consists primarily of cardiac muscle cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a blood vessel connected to the right atrium?
Which of the following is NOT a blood vessel connected to the right atrium?
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What is the genetic disorder characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells?
What is the genetic disorder characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells?
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What is the function of hemoglobin in the blood?
What is the function of hemoglobin in the blood?
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What is the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves from the vena cava to the lungs?
What is the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves from the vena cava to the lungs?
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Which artery is felt when a person’s pulse is taken near the thumb or wrist?
Which artery is felt when a person’s pulse is taken near the thumb or wrist?
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Which lymphocytes are mainly responsible for long-term immunity?
Which lymphocytes are mainly responsible for long-term immunity?
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What is the primary role of B-Lymphocytes?
What is the primary role of B-Lymphocytes?
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Which organ resembles a super large lymph node and filters out old erythrocytes?
Which organ resembles a super large lymph node and filters out old erythrocytes?
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What does the term 'humor' refer to in a biological context?
What does the term 'humor' refer to in a biological context?
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What section of the digestive system is referred to as the 'alimentary canal'?
What section of the digestive system is referred to as the 'alimentary canal'?
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What is NOT a major function of saliva?
What is NOT a major function of saliva?
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What happens to the total number of chromosomes during the formation of sperm and egg cells?
What happens to the total number of chromosomes during the formation of sperm and egg cells?
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Which gland is responsible for secreting the lubricating fluid known as pre-ejaculate?
Which gland is responsible for secreting the lubricating fluid known as pre-ejaculate?
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What is the name of the hormone that triggers ovulation?
What is the name of the hormone that triggers ovulation?
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What structure in the male reproductive system is connected to the epididymis and leads to the ejaculatory duct?
What structure in the male reproductive system is connected to the epididymis and leads to the ejaculatory duct?
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What is the primary function of fructose in the seminal vesicles?
What is the primary function of fructose in the seminal vesicles?
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Which of the following is a structure that produces testosterone in the male reproductive system?
Which of the following is a structure that produces testosterone in the male reproductive system?
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What is the name of the fertilized egg that results from the union of a sperm cell and an egg?
What is the name of the fertilized egg that results from the union of a sperm cell and an egg?
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Which organ acts as the counterpart to the testis in the female reproductive system?
Which organ acts as the counterpart to the testis in the female reproductive system?
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What is the structure in females that corresponds to the male penis?
What is the structure in females that corresponds to the male penis?
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What is the outcome when one egg is fertilized by one sperm, which then splits to form two individuals?
What is the outcome when one egg is fertilized by one sperm, which then splits to form two individuals?
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What term describes the condition of a human cell having 47 chromosomes?
What term describes the condition of a human cell having 47 chromosomes?
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In simple dominance for ear size where 'A' is dominant and 'a' is recessive, what is the expected percentage of offspring with big ears from heterozygous parents?
In simple dominance for ear size where 'A' is dominant and 'a' is recessive, what is the expected percentage of offspring with big ears from heterozygous parents?
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What characterizes a karyotype?
What characterizes a karyotype?
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What is the primary role of amniotic fluid during fetal development?
What is the primary role of amniotic fluid during fetal development?
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What is the term for the first true diploid cell once fertilization has occurred?
What is the term for the first true diploid cell once fertilization has occurred?
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Which word segment indicates something that is well-fed?
Which word segment indicates something that is well-fed?
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During fetal circulation, which organ is typically bypassed?
During fetal circulation, which organ is typically bypassed?
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The ductus arteriosus connects which two structures in the fetal heart?
The ductus arteriosus connects which two structures in the fetal heart?
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What is the primary function of hCG during early pregnancy?
What is the primary function of hCG during early pregnancy?
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What does the term 'newborn' refer to in the context of human development?
What does the term 'newborn' refer to in the context of human development?
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Which of the following is a significant function of the placenta?
Which of the following is a significant function of the placenta?
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Study Notes
Blood and Blood Cells
- Formed elements are blood cells and platelets
- The prefix "hemo" means blood
- Atherosclerosis is the accumulation of plaque in a blood vessel
- An aneurysm is a sudden ballooning of blood vessels due to weakness in its wall
- An embolus is a moving blood clot
- The average life span of a red blood cell is 120 days
- Plasmin is an enzyme that breaks down blood clots
- A heart attack is also known as a Myocardial Infarction
- The top layer of centrifuged blood contains plasma
- Hemoglobin is the main oxygen carrying molecule in blood
- Blood is a connective tissue that transports nutrients and waste
- Red blood cells are biconcave cells that lack nuclei when they mature
- Erythrocyte is the scientific term for red blood cell
- Sickle cell anemia is a genetically based anemia that involves mutant hemoglobin and abnormally shaped red blood cells
- T-Lymphocytes are a type of agranulocyte white blood cell
- Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and usually the first to respond to an infection
- Basophils are a type of white blood cell that releases histamine and heparin to promote inflammation
- Fibrinogen is a part of blood plasma
- Albumin and hemoglobin are not the main proteins involved in blood clotting
- Type AB+ blood has no antibodies (A, B, or D) in its plasma
- Type O+ blood has neither A or B antigens on its red blood cell surface
- O- blood is the universal donor blood type
- A murmur is an abnormal heart sound
Blood Vessels and the Heart
- Visceral pericardium is the deepest pericardial layer
- The myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart wall and contains cardiac muscle cells
- Purkinje fibers are the last to fire in the cardiac conduction system
- The aorta is not a blood vessel connected to the right atrium
- The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium
- Blood flows from the vena cava to the lungs through the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and pulmonary valve
- The radial artery is felt when taking a person's pulse near the thumb or wrist
Lymphatic System
- The prefix "humor" means fluid
- Lymph enters the cardiovascular system directly into the subclavian veins
- Memory lymphocytes are mainly responsible for long-term immunity
- B-Lymphocytes (B-Cells) produce antibodies, which play a key role in humoral immunity
- The spleen is a large lymph node that filters out old erythrocytes from circulation
- Lymph vessels, like veins, contain valves
- Naturally acquired passive immunity is when IgG passes from mother to fetus
- An allergen is a non-disease-causing agent that stimulates an immune response
- Diabetes Type I is an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack insulin-producing pancreatic cells
- The prefix "pylor" means "gatekeeper"
The Digestive System
- The mouth is the digestive organ that is also part of the respiratory system
- The prefix "chym" means "juice"
- The prefix "aliment" means "food"
- The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus
- The digestive system ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder
- The main function of the lips is to keep food in the mouth
- Saliva does not sterilize food to prevent GI tract infections
- The parotid glands are the largest salivary glands
- The pulp cavity is the innermost part of the tooth, highly vascularized and innervated
- The uvula is a projection of the soft palate
- When we swallow, the soft palate closes off the opening to the nasal cavity
- The epiglottis is attached to the larynx
- The liver's main function is to make bile and process nutrients
- Pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells
- Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells
Male Reproductive System
- The prefix "andr" means "man"
- The prefix "ejacul" means "to shoot forth"
- The testicles make sperm
- The bulbourethral glands make the pre-ejaculate lubricating fluid
- The glans is the highly sensitive portion of the penis for sexual stimulation
- Emission is the movement of semen into the urethra
- Testosterone causes the appearance of most male secondary sex characteristics
- Alkaline secretions from the prostate and seminal vesicles neutralize acids that interfere with sperm health
- Fructose from the seminal vesicles provides chemical energy for sperm motility
- The urethra is a passageway for both urine and semen in males
- Seminiferous tubules are the structures inside the testis that make semen
- The bulbourethral glands secrete the pre-ejaculating fluid in males
- The vas deferens connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
- The scrotum is a pouch-like organ that stores the testis and adjusts their proximity to the body based on temperature
- Leydig cells are testicular cells that make testosterone
- During erection, the erectile tissues of the penis fill with blood
- FSH and LH are gonadotrophins
- Prostaglandins from the prostate and seminal vesicles contract female organs to help move sperm
- Four functional sperm cells are created from one primary spermatocyte (precursor cell) during spermatogenesis
Female Reproductive System
- The prefix "OO" means "egg"
- A zygote is the resulting cell when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg
- The ovary is the female organ homologous (counterpart) to the testis in males
- LH is the hormone of ovulation
- The corpus luteum is the yellow body in the ovary that secretes estrogen and progesterone after ovulation
- The uterus stores the developing fetus
- A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells that implants into the uterus
- A morula is a solid ball of cells on the way to the uterus
- The placenta is a hybrid organ composed of fetal and maternal tissues
- Amniotic fluid protects the fetus
- The prefix "umbil" means "navel"
- The prefix "cleav" means "to divide"
- The prefix "troph" means "well-fed"
- Fetal circulation tends to bypass the liver and lungs
- The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in the fetus
- Identical twins result from one egg being fertilized by one sperm, and the resulting cell splitting to make two individuals
- Enzymes in the sperm acrosome help digest a tunnel through the corona radiata to fertilize an egg
- The zygote is the first true diploid cell of the future baby
- hCG is a pregnancy hormonal marker that is only made during pregnancy
- The embryonic stage ends and the fetal stage begins at the end of week 8
- The gastrula stage is when all three germ layers of the embryonic disc become evident
- Adolescence is the stage of human development when the capability of sexual reproduction first appears
- Adulthood is the longest stage of postnatal life
- The postnatal period extends from birth to death
- The placenta allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to the embryo
- A blastomere is a cell produced by cleavage, and a blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells
- The epithelial lining of the digestive tract is a major part derived from the endoderm
- Centenarians are people who live past 100 years
- During the embryonic stage, the primary germ layers develop from the embryonic disc
- Fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes
- Human prenatal development takes 38 weeks
- The term newborn refers to the period from birth through the first 4 weeks, whereas the term infant refers to the period from the first month to 1 year
- hCG helps the blastocyst against being rejected
- A circumcision removes the prepuce
- A mammary gland contains 15 to 20 lobes
- Semen includes prostaglandins and nutrients
- The clitoris is the female structure that corresponds to the male penis
Genetics
- Genetics is the study of the inheritance of characteristics
- The prefix "homo" means "same"
- The prefix "hetero" means "other"
- Alleles are variations of a gene
- A gene is a short segment of DNA that encodes the information to make a specific protein
- The genome is the complete set of genes for an organism
- Identical twins are formed when one egg is fertilized by one sperm and the resulting cell splits to make two individuals
- Aneuploidy is the missing or gaining of an extra chromosome (e.g., trisomy 21)
- A trisomic human cell has 47 chromosomes
- A euploid human cell has 46 chromosomes
- A karyotype is a size-ordered chart of chromosomes
- Down syndrome is caused by nondisjunction or a translocation
- XO is another female genotype besides XX
- Amniocentesis involves culturing fetal fibroblasts in amniotic fluid and constructing a karyotype
- If parents are heterozygous for the ear size gene, where "A" = dominant allele for big ears and "a" = recessive allele for small ears, 75% of their children will have big ears
- Assuming simple dominance, if parents with Ss and SS genotypes were to mate, 100% of their offspring will have smooth skin (where "S" = dominant allele for smooth skin and "s" = recessive allele for bumpy skin)
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Description
Test your knowledge about blood and its components. This quiz covers essential topics such as blood cells, their functions, and related conditions. Understand the significance of hemoglobin, types of blood cells, and common blood-related diseases.
