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Heat Transfer on a Global Scale

• Heat energy is transferred from the equatorial to the polar regions by convection in the Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Convection

• Convection is the transfer of heated material from one location to another, where cooler, dense material sinks relative to warmer, less dense material.
• Convection is most effective in fluids, such as liquids and gases.

Large Scale Convection

• Large-scale convection cells combine with the Earth's rotation to result in prevailing wind patterns.
• Warm, moist air at the Equator rises, releasing its moisture, and producing rainforest climates.
• Moisture-depleted air sinks down at about 30°N and 30°S, producing desert climates.

Jet Streams

• Jet streams are very fast, high-altitude winds that are threaded between the convection cells.
• The strongest jet stream is the polar jet stream, located between the polar cell and the mid-latitudes Ferrel cell.

Global Water Currents

• Global water currents are complicated by the positions of the landmasses.
• They play a crucial role in moving heat around the globe.

Cause of Air and Water Movement

• The uneven heating of the Earth's surface causes air and water to move.
• Air and water currents move differently due to the differences in their densities and properties.

Heat Transfer

• Heat can move through radiation, conduction, and convection.
• Radiation is the release of infrared light by a substance at a warmer temperature than its surroundings.
• Conduction is the transfer of kinetic energy between particles, most effective in solid materials.

Heat Sink

• A heat sink is an important concept to consider when discussing climate change.
• The increased global temperature is having a significant impact on the ocean and storms.

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