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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate percentage of nitrogen gas in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the approximate percentage of nitrogen gas in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the primary layer of the atmosphere responsible for weather patterns?
What is the primary layer of the atmosphere responsible for weather patterns?
What is the process by which kinetic energy is transferred between particles?
What is the process by which kinetic energy is transferred between particles?
What is the term used to describe the percentage of light reflected by a surface?
What is the term used to describe the percentage of light reflected by a surface?
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What is the primary source of energy input needed to keep the biosphere at temperatures conducive to life?
What is the primary source of energy input needed to keep the biosphere at temperatures conducive to life?
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Why do the equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight than the polar regions?
Why do the equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight than the polar regions?
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What is the process by which a substance releases infrared light at a warmer temperature than its surroundings?
What is the process by which a substance releases infrared light at a warmer temperature than its surroundings?
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What is the term used to describe the movement of heat energy through fluids like water and air?
What is the term used to describe the movement of heat energy through fluids like water and air?
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What is the layer of the atmosphere where a layer of ozone helps filter out ultraviolet radiation?
What is the layer of the atmosphere where a layer of ozone helps filter out ultraviolet radiation?
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What is the primary mechanism of heat transfer in the troposphere?
What is the primary mechanism of heat transfer in the troposphere?
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Study Notes
Heat Transfer on a Global Scale
- Heat energy is transferred from the equatorial to the polar regions by convection in the Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Convection
- Convection is the transfer of heated material from one location to another, where cooler, dense material sinks relative to warmer, less dense material.
- Convection is most effective in fluids, such as liquids and gases.
Large Scale Convection
- Large-scale convection cells combine with the Earth's rotation to result in prevailing wind patterns.
- Warm, moist air at the Equator rises, releasing its moisture, and producing rainforest climates.
- Moisture-depleted air sinks down at about 30°N and 30°S, producing desert climates.
Jet Streams
- Jet streams are very fast, high-altitude winds that are threaded between the convection cells.
- The strongest jet stream is the polar jet stream, located between the polar cell and the mid-latitudes Ferrel cell.
Global Water Currents
- Global water currents are complicated by the positions of the landmasses.
- They play a crucial role in moving heat around the globe.
Cause of Air and Water Movement
- The uneven heating of the Earth's surface causes air and water to move.
- Air and water currents move differently due to the differences in their densities and properties.
Heat Transfer
- Heat can move through radiation, conduction, and convection.
- Radiation is the release of infrared light by a substance at a warmer temperature than its surroundings.
- Conduction is the transfer of kinetic energy between particles, most effective in solid materials.
Heat Sink
- A heat sink is an important concept to consider when discussing climate change.
- The increased global temperature is having a significant impact on the ocean and storms.
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