Unit 7 apush

• The United States transitioned from an agricultural to an industrial economy during Period 7
• Urban areas grew and employment opportunities rose in the 1920s
• The United States soon plunged into the Great Depression after the 1920s
• Progressives called for greater government action regarding social issues amid political and economic uncertainty
• Social issues included women's suffrage, prohibition, political corruption, and economic inequality.
• The "Roaring Twenties" or "Jazz Age" saw the birth of modern culture with new forms of mass media
• Americans debated social issues, including science, religion, gender roles, race, and immigration during the "Roaring Twenties"
• Americans and migrants from Asia and Europe moved into urban areas
• Nativist campaigns passed immigration quotas and restrictions
• African Americans left the South's racial violence and segregation in the "Great Migration" to seek better economic opportunities in the North
• Franklin Roosevelt promoted his "New Deal" to end the Great Depression by assisting the poor and revitalizing the economy
• The New Deal defined modern American liberalism and left a legacy of political, social, and economic reform
• America fought in the Spanish-American War, World War I (entered in 1917), and World War II during Period 7
• Victory in the Spanish-American War increased overseas territory
• The U.S. entered a short-lived period of isolationism before World War II

The "Forgettable" Administrations

• Rutherford B. Hayes served as the Nineteenth President from 1877–1881

• Hayes ended Reconstruction as part of the Compromise of 1877

• Hayes enacted civil service reform and used federal troops to break up the Great Railroad Strike of 1877

• James Garfield served as the Twentieth President from March 4, 1881, until his death on September 19, 1881

• Garfield's death was caused by an infection stemming from unsanitary medical treatment after being shot on July 2, 1881

• Chester A. Arthur served as the Twenty-first President from 1881–1885

• Arthur assumed office after President Garfield's assassination

• Arthur is remembered for the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which encouraged a merit-based system

• Arthur declined to run for reelection in 1884 due to poor health and died in November 1886

• The spoils system is a form of political corruption where political parties reward supporters with favors

• The Gilded Age was a period from the 1870s to 1900 marked by massive economic growth and inequality

• Backlash to the Gilded Age led to reforms in the Progressive Era.

• Political machines are authoritarian organizations that command political influence and are prone to patronage

• Stalwarts were a faction of the Republican Party that supported the spoils system

• Half-Breeds were a faction of the Republican Party opposed to spoils system

• Mugwumps were neutral on patronage but advocated modest reform

• Grover Cleveland served as the Twenty-second and Twenty-fourth President

• Cleveland was the only president to serve non-consecutive terms, in 1885–1889 and 1893–1897

• Cleveland was the first Democratic Party president since before the Civil War

• Cleveland supported the gold standard and dealt with the Panic of 1893 and the Venezuelan crisis of 1895

• The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1881 encouraged a merit-based system for the civil service

Agrarian Discontent

• Benjamin Harrison served as the Twenty-third President (1889–1893)
• Harrison supported the Sherman Antitrust Act but did little to enforce it
• Harrison's attempt to secure voting rights for African Americans was unsuccessful
• The Farmers' Alliance gained members, seated senators and governors and morphed into the Populist Party
• The Populist Party advocated for a silver standard, a graduated income tax, and direct election of senators in 1892
• Democrats absorbed Populist policies after the Populists won five Western states in 1892
• The Panic of 1893 was caused by the failure of the Reading Railroad company and over-speculation
• Jacob Coxey led "Coxey's Army" to Washington, D.C., to demand jobs for the unemployed in 1894
• Coxey's ideas contributed to the development of the Social Security Act.
• Gold Bugs were pro-gold standard Democrats, such as Grover Cleveland
• William Jennings Bryan was nicknamed "The Great Commoner"
• Bryan served as the Democratic Party's nominee for President three times
• Bryan co-opted progressive policies to save the party from the Populist Party and later served as prosecutor in the Scopes Monkey Trial
• Bryan delivered the "Cross of Gold" speech at the Democratic National Convention in 1896, opposing the gold standard
• William McKinley served as the Twenty-fifth President (1897–1901) and favored the gold standard
• McKinley was assassinated six months into his second term
• McKinley oversaw U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War and control over Cuba and the Philippines

Origins of Progressivism

• Theodore Roosevelt served as the Twenty-sixth President (1901–1909)
• Roosevelt pursued a progressive domestic agenda called the Square Deal and forced construction of the Panama Canal
• Roosevelt brokered an end to the Russo-Japanese War and secured the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize
• The Progressive Era began with Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 and lasted until the beginning of World War I in 1917
• Antitrust legislation, labor reform, women's suffrage, and the prohibition of alcohol were aspects of the Progressive Era
• The Social Gospel was a Protestant social justice movement that encouraged Christians to improve the lives of the less fortunate
• Joseph Pulitzer pioneered yellow journalism in the 1880s and established the Pulitzer Prize for achievements in journalism
• William Randolph Hearst owned a media empire and helped kick off the Spanish-American War with his news coverage
• Muckrakers were investigative journalists who sought to spur reform and expose corruption

State, Local, and Presidential Progressivism

• Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette was a Governor and later U.S. Senator of Wisconsin
• La Follette forced the introduction of direct primaries, and campaigned for child labor laws and women's suffrage
• Direct primaries are a process by which state voters nominate candidates, first adopted by Wisconsin in 1906
• The Seventeenth Amendment, passed in 1913, required the direct election of U.S. senators
• Square Deal was a progressive policy platform advocated by President Theodore Roosevelt
• The Square Deal involved breaking up trusts, regulating business, and promoting environmental conservation
• Northern Securities Company's case against Theodore Roosevelt symbolized progressivism
• The Elkins Act (1903) allowed the ICC to prohibit rail companies from giving rebates
• The Hepburn Act (1906) allowed the ICC to regulate railroad rates
• The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) ensured the safety and accurate labeling of food and drug products
• The Meat Inspection Act (1907) ensured that meat sold was properly preserved and unadulterated
• The National Conservation Commission was established by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908
• William Howard Taft served as the Twenty-seventh President (1909–1913) and Tenth Chief Justice (1921–1930)
• The Mann-Elkins Act (1910) placed communications regulation under the ICC
• The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, authorized the federal government to collect income tax
• Bull Moose Party was a third party formed by Theodore Roosevelt to support his 1912 run for President
• Woodrow Wilson served as the Twenty-eighth President (1913–1921)
• Wilson supported progressive reforms like the Federal Reserve Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act
• Wilson implemented segregation throughout the executive branch offices
• Wilson is famous for the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations
• New Nationalism was a policy proposal by Theodore Roosevelt in the election of 1912
• New Freedom was a policy proposal by Woodrow Wilson in the election of 1912
• The Underwood Tariff Bill (1913) reduced tariff rates and consumers kept the price of manufactured goods low
• The Panic of 1907 was a financial crisis that led to the creation of the Federal Reserve System
• The Federal Reserve Act, passed in 1913, created the Federal Reserve System
• The Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) strengthened provisions for breaking up trusts and protected labor unions
• The Federal Trade Commission, created in 1914, monitors interstate business activities and enforces government compliance

American Business and Consumerism

• Frederick W. Taylor wrote The Principles of Scientific Management, which influenced Henry Ford

• Henry Ford applied Taylor's principles to make factory production faster, especially with automobile assembly lines

• This led to the creation of the Ford Model T, the first affordable car

• Warren G. Harding served as the Twenty-ninth President (1921-1923)

• Harding's reputation diminished due to scandals uncovered after his death

• The Ohio Gang/Poker Cabinet was President Warren Harding's cabinet and had a reputation for corruption

• Calvin Coolidge served as the Thirtieth President (1923–1929)

• Coolidge was nicknamed "Silent Cal" and supported laissez-faire economics

• The Washington Naval Conference (1921–1922) attempted to limit battleships and limit arms

• The Dawes Plan enabled Germany to pay reparations, but the program ended with the U.S. stock market crash in 1929

• Herbert Hoover served as the Thirty-first President (1929–1933)

• Hoover led famine relief efforts in Europe after World War I, but his response to the Great Depression destroyed his popularity

• Homeless encampments were dubbed Hoovervilles

• Rugged individualism was a belief articulated by Herbert Hoover, stating that hard work leads to success

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) sought to foster world peace by outlawing offensive wars, but lacked enforcement

• The Good Neighbor Policy was a foreign policy by FDR centered on Latin America, withdrawing American forces from Nicaragua

The Great Depression

• Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, was the worst stock market crash, marking the start of the Great Depression
• The Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) raised tariffs, sparking a global trade war
• The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) was created to assist railroads, banks, and municipalities
• The Bonus Army was a group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 for early bonus release
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt served as the Thirty-second President (1933–1945)
• Roosevelt oversaw the response to the Great Depression with the New Deal and led the U.S. through World War II
• The Eighteenth Amendment banned alcohol in the United States, known as Prohibition, and was repealed in 1933
• Eleanor Roosevelt served as First Lady and U.S. Delegate to the United Nations, and supported civil rights
• The Brain Trust was a group of economists, professors, and politicians that advised FDR
• The New Deal was a series of domestic policy initiatives to alleviate the suffering of the Great Depression
• The Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933) reopened solvent banks after a nationwide Bank Holiday
• Fireside chats were weekly radio addresses intended to inform and reassure the American public
• The Public Works Administration was a New Deal program to rebuild the country's infrastructure

Second New Deal

• The Tennessee Valley Authority was a program of the New Deal
• The Works Progress Administration encouraged public works projects and employed artists and writers
• The Social Security Act (1935) guaranteed income for retirees, the disabled, and the unemployed
• Keynesian theory states that governments should use deficit spending to stimulate demand
• The National Industrial Recovery Act protected workers' rights and set maximum hours and minimum wages
• The National Labor Relations Act strengthened the NIRA and created the National Labor Relations Board
• The American Federation of Labor was composed of skilled workers
• The Congress of Industrial Organizations organized laborers in heavy industry, and was led by John L. Lewis
• The Fair Labor Standards Act established a federal minimum wage and ended child labor
• The United Auto Workers organized a sit-down strike at General Motors under the protections of the Fair Labor Standards Act

New Deal Support and Criticism

• The American Liberty League opposed the New Deal, promoting big business and small government
• Huey P. "Kingfish" Long advocated a "Robin Hood" plan called Share Our Wealth
• The Great Depression was a global economic depression that took place from 1929 until World War II
• The Dust Bowl was a severe drought that hit the Great Plains in the 1930s and killed most of its crops
• The Indian Reorganization Act returned lands to tribes and supported Native self-governance

Women's Role and Suffrage

• The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 led to massive reforms in factory conditions
• Mother Jones was a labor activist who coordinated strikes and co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World
• The National American Woman Suffrage Association was founded in 1890
• Carrie Chapman Catt became leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1900
• Alice Paul founded the National Woman's Party and argued for the inclusion of women in the Civil Rights Act of 1964
• The National Woman's Party focused on the ratification of a constitutional amendment securing women's suffrage
• The Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote
• The League of Women Voters was founded by Carrie Chapman Catt to assist female voters

African Americans at the Turn of the Century

• Booker T. Washington argued that African Americans needed work skills to achieve economic success
• W. E. B. Du Bois believed that African Americans should demand social and political equality with whites
• The Niagara Movement in 1905 discussed protest and advanced African American equality
• The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1908 to end racial discrimination
• The Great Migration saw millions of African Americans move from the South to northern cities, starting around 1910

Modern American Culture

• The Jazz Age/Roaring Twenties era (1920-1929) saw a cultural explosion with Jazz music, radio, and movies
• The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural flowering in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem during the 1920s
• The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was founded in 1920 to protect Constitutional liberties
• John Scopes was arrested in 1925 for teaching evolution, resulting in the Scopes Monkey Trial
• Clarence Darrow was the defense attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial
• Speakeasies were secret clubs that served alcohol during Prohibition
• The Emergency Quota Act (Immigration Act) of 1921 set limits on immigration based on national origin
• Flappers were middle and upper-class women in the 1920s who challenged traditional norms

New Imperialism

• Seward's Folly: Nickname for the 1867 purchase of Alaska from Russia
• Yellow journalism: Journalism that produced juicy sensationalized stories
• Teller Amendment: Assured Cuba's independence once the Spanish-American War ended - later reneged on
• The Spanish-American War (April 21, 1898 - August 13, 1898) was a war between the United States and Spain
• It led to the U.S. taking control of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and other islands
• Rough Riders: A volunteer force of college students, cowboys, and adventurers led Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War
• Treaty of Paris of 1898: Treaty that ended the Spanish - American war and ceded territories to the U.S. - ended Spanish power
• Insular Cases: Ruled that citizens on conquered territory did not have the protection of the constitution
• Platt Amendment: U.S policy that all treaties in Cuba had to be approved by the U.S. alongside U.S. right to military intervention
• Open Door Policy: Declared that China would be open and free to trade with any nation
• Big stick diplomacy: The threat of military force while negotiating peacefully
• Roosevelt Corollary: United States intervention in Latin American countries

World War I

• U-boat: a term for German submarines that led to American citizens entry to WWI due to Lusitania
• Zimmerman Telegram: A letter to Mexico from Germany offering former U.S. land in exchange for alliance
• Fourteen Points speech: President Wilson's speech outlining the aims of the United States in WWI
• War Industries Board: An agency created by the government to control goods during WWI
• Selective Service Act: The first peacetime military draft in the United States
• Espionage Act: An anti-German-Americans law aimed at Germany and spies
• Sedition Act: A World War I law that curbed the right to free speech
• League of Natons: A precursor to the U.N. in which all members would defend each other's sovereignty and not be able to ratify in the U.S.
• Reservationists: Senators happy to ratify the League with a couple of changes
• Irreconcilables: Sentators set against ratifying the League under any term

American Economy and Society after the Great War

• Red Scare was a period of paranoia against communism caused by fears of communist infiltration

International Problems and World War II

• Adolf Hitler: Führer of Germany and leader of the Nazi Party
• Hitler's actions started WWII and was the cause of the holocaust
• Treaty of Versailles: A harsh and uneven policy made to punish Germany which resulted in allowing the rise of Hitler
• Bemito Mussolini: Prime Minister of Italy and founder of fascism based on totalitarian ideals
• Joseph Stalin: Favoured state-controlled centralization and purged the poor
• Winston Churchill: A British Prime Minister who served twice and was best known for his opposition to appeasement to Adolf Hitler.

World War II

• Atlantic Charter: An Anglo-American policy statement issued in August 1941.
• Pearl Harbour: A lagoon harbour that homed the US Navy and was the target of a surprise attack by Japan.
• Big 3: A label for the leaders Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, the three major Allied powers in World War.
• Yalta Conference: Where post-war European plans were finalised.
• United Nations: An intergovernmental organisation chartered in October 1945.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower: A five-star general and Supreme Commander of the Allies.
• D-Day: A common name for the Normandy landings in 1944.
• Battle of Bulge: German army offensive.
• Final Solution: Nazi extermination plan for Jewish people
• V.E. Day: Shorthand for Victory in European Day
• Harry S. Truman: President who ordered dropping of atomin Bombs
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Japanese cities destroyed by atominc bombs during WWII

WWII Impact

• The office of War information was a propaganda machine that was used to raise morale
• Rosie the Riveter was an Office of War initiative
• Zoot Suit Riots: A series of California race riots in summer 1943.
• Navajo code talkers: Native-Americans provided radio translations that could not be determined by the enemy soldiers thus proving most valuable
• Internment camps: Americans were imprisoned in the internment camps during world war
• Executive Order 9066: Allowed incarceration
• Supreme Court held that civil rights could be limited in wartime

Post WWII Recovery

• G.I Bill: The 1944 law that provided a college education and low-interest loans
• Taft-Haller Act: 1947 amendment in the National Labour RElations Act
• Rust-Belt: A region in the United States centred around the Great Lakes and upper Midwest.