Unit 7 Stress Theory MCQs

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Questions and Answers

A therapist who is an adherent of the humanistic personality theory would most likely focus on which of the following?

Unconscious motives guiding people's behavior
The underlying and consistent behavioral traits that differ across individuals
The pursuit of self-actualization (correct)
The influence of the beliefs about the self on behavior
Differences in rewards and punishments as the source of behavioral differences

According to the Big Five model of personality, if Chidi is very selfless, cooperative, and trusting of other people, what does this indicate about his agreeableness?

High in agreeableness (correct)
Low in agreeableness
Low in extroversion
High in extroversion
Low in neuroticism

How would a trait theorist most likely characterize Michael's levels of extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness?

Low on extraversion; low on neuroticism; low on agreeableness
High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; high on agreeableness (correct)
High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; low on agreeableness
High on extraversion; low on neuroticism; high on agreeableness
Low on extraversion; high on neuroticism; low on agreeableness

Which of the following scenarios most directly refutes trait theories of psychology?

Victoria goes to the same restaurant and orders the same meal every day, but when she goes out to eat with friends, she likes to order the most interesting thing on the menu. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the best personality inventory for Dr. Brenner to use to determine job fit?

NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which test would be the most appropriate for Alison's patient suspected of having a personality disorder?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which test will provide reliable results for Dr. Howard's patient with limited reading ability and attention span?

Thematic Apperception Test (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly explains the evidence that stress leads to three distinct stages of physiological change: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion?

Hans Seyle conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions (D) Signup and view all the answers

The best ethos to understand the causal effect of a reward on an intrinsically motivated behavior is to:

Conduct an experiment in which intrinsic motivation for a behavior is tested prior to administering a reward for that same behavior in a random sample of the participants and then measure the motivation after the reward is taken away (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which method would best allow Dr. Dameron to test the causal effects of arousal on performance in basketball players?

Give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The performance of the high-dose group is predicted to be best. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Emotions are controlled primarily by the:

Limbic system (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the drive reduction theory of motivation, drives arise because of physiological imbalances in:

Homeostasis (B) Signup and view all the answers

The neurotransmitter dopamine is most closely associated with:

Reward seeking behavior (E) Signup and view all the answers

Merideth's experience of feeling happier after smiling is evidence for:

The facial feedback hypothesis (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion and the James-Lange theory of emotion differ in explaining Monica's response to her father's raised voice?

The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion predicts that in a horror movie scenario, who will be more scared?

Russ will be more scared of the movie because he is aroused from the run. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Chronic stress is most likely to lead to:

Decreased functioning of the immune system (D), Decreased functioning of the immune system (E) Signup and view all the answers

According to Kurt Lewin's motivational conflict theory, approach avoidance conflict occurs when a situation has:

Both positive and negative aspects (B) Signup and view all the answers

Stress can most likely contribute to heart disease because:

Cortisol released during stress reduces the flexibility of blood vessels, so the heart has to work harder. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Personality tests that use forced choice questions are beneficial in identifying personality traits because they:

Minimize desirability bias because test takers are choosing between two unrelated statements. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Freud's main contributions to personality theory, and which method did he use?

Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a personality survey with high internal consistency includes two different questions related to the personality dimension of agreeableness, which of the following is true?

People will tend to give similar answers to both questions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which explanatory factor would Alfred Adler be most interested in regarding Rolf's concerns about skiing?

Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to psychoanalytic theories of personality, why is Jordan experiencing anxiety about cars?

Despite not having any conscious memory of the accident, he remembers it in his subconscious, and that has begun to cause his anxiety. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which explanation consistent with psychoanalytic theories of personality describes Giraldo's unhappiness at work?

Giraldo feels critical of his choice not to go to college, and his defense mechanism is to blame his job for his unhappiness. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Albert Bandura would most likely attribute the differences in the personalities of identical twins raised apart to:

Differences in the environmental stimuli they experienced and elicited from others during development. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How would trait theory and social cognitive theory differ in their explanations of Diane's disciplined behavior?

A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self-efficacy drives her behavior. (E) Signup and view all the answers

According to the behavioral perspective of personality, Arun's agreeableness most likely comes from:

Being rewarded for exhibiting agreeable behavior as a child. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Compared to Naureen, Domy is more likely to:

Skip going to a concert so she can have dinner with her family. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Anderson's approach with his patient characterized by unconditional positive regard is most consistent with which type of theory of personality?

Humanist (A) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Stress and Physiological Change

Hans Selye identified three stages of stress: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion, using rat studies to measure cortisol and blood sugar levels.

Intrinsic Motivation and Rewards

To understand the impact of rewards on intrinsic motivation, an experiment should test motivation levels before and after reward removal in a random sample.

Arousal and Performance

Dr. Dameron will use three groups of players given varying caffeine doses, expecting the medium dose to yield optimal performance, according to the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Role of the Limbic System

Emotions are primarily controlled by the limbic system, which is essential for emotional processing.

Drive Reduction Theory

According to this theory, drives are caused by physiological imbalances that seek homeostasis in body functions.

Dopamine and Behavior

Dopamine is closely related to reward-seeking behavior, influencing motivation and the pleasure-reward system.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Smiling can enhance feelings of happiness, supporting the facial feedback hypothesis, which suggests that facial expressions influence emotional experiences.

Theories of Emotion

Cannon-Bard theory posits that emotional responses and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, unlike James-Lange theory which suggests physiological arousal precedes emotion.

Schachter's Two-Factor Theory

Schachter's theory implies heightened arousal from physical activity can increase fear response in emotionally charged situations, such as watching horror films.

Chronic Stress Effects

Chronic stress can lead to decreased immune system functioning, making individuals more susceptible to diseases.

Kurt Lewin's Conflict Theory

Approach-avoidance conflict in Lewin's framework arises from situations that possess both positive and negative aspects.

Stress and Heart Disease

Stress contributes to heart disease by releasing cortisol, which reduces the flexibility of blood vessels, requiring the heart to work harder.

Personality Assessments

Forced choice personality tests minimize desirability bias, as participants choose between unrelated statements, providing clearer results.

Freud's Contributions

Freud's case studies revealed that personality is influenced by the dynamics among the id, ego, and superego.

Internal Consistency in Personality Surveys

High internal consistency in surveys implies that individuals will give similar responses across different but related questions on the same personality trait.

Adler's Explanations of Anxiety

Adler would emphasize Rolf's feelings about his accomplished sister when exploring the anxiety associated with learning to ski.

Psychoanalytic Theory and Memory

Psychoanalytic theories suggest that unconscious memories, even when not consciously recalled, can influence anxiety and behavior.

Defense Mechanisms in Unhappiness

Giraldo’s unhappiness relates to blaming external factors for internal conflicts about his choices, reflecting psychoanalytic perspectives.

Bandura and Twin Personalities

Bandura attributes differences in personality among separated twins to varied environmental stimuli and experiences during their development.

Trait theory identifies characteristics like conscientiousness, while social cognitive theory focuses on self-efficacy as a driver behind behaviors.

Behavioral Perspective on Agreeableness

From a behavioral perspective, Arun's agreeableness results from being positively reinforced for such behaviors during childhood.

Collectivism vs. Individualism

Domy, raised in a collectivistic culture, is more likely to prioritize family commitments over individual pursuits, contrasting with Naureen's individualistic values.

Humanistic Personality Theory

Dr. Anderson's approach rooted in unconditional positive regard aligns closely with humanistic personality theories focused on self-actualization.

Big Five Personality Traits

Chidi exhibits high agreeableness according to the Big Five model, characterized by selflessness and cooperativeness.

Trait Classification in Young Children

Michael demonstrates high agreeableness through social behavior but high neuroticism due to his distress at separation, as assessed through trait theory.

Challenges to Trait Theories

Trait theories face challenges when individuals exhibit behavior that seems inconsistent under varying circumstances.### Personality Traits and Assessments
Victoria maintains a routine by ordering the same meal daily at a restaurant, but she explores interesting options when dining with friends.
C. Cristobal experiences frustration when situations do not go his way, highlighting a potential sensitivity to external control.
D. Assaf is known for his organized home, suggesting traits of orderliness and structure.
E. Franklin has a talent for making friends easily, indicating sociability and approachability.

Job Fit Evaluation

Dr. Brenner specializes in helping individuals identify suitable job roles through personality evaluation.
Advocates for using the five-factor model of personality to assess job compatibility.
The optimal assessment tool for reliable results according to her approach is the NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3).

Diagnosing Personality Disorders

Alison, a practicum student in a psychiatric clinic, is tasked with selecting a test for a patient suspected of having a personality disorder.
The chosen assessment must be appropriate for individuals without cognitive impairment.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®) is the suitable choice for this evaluation.

Evaluating Personality and Motivation

Dr. Howard seeks to assess a patient's personality concerning motivation while considering the patient’s reading difficulties and limited attention span.
The Thematic Apperception Test is identified as the most practical and reliable test for this scenario due to its less demanding nature.

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