Biotechnology Principles and Processes
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Questions and Answers

What significant advancement did Herbert Boyer discover about restriction enzymes?

  • They can cut DNA strands, leaving 'sticky ends'. (correct)
  • They can selectively mutate genes.
  • They can transport plasmids across cell membranes.
  • They can replicate DNA strands.

    • Biotechnology was primarily developed for enhancing creature comforts and welfare of humans.

    True

    What type of DNA structures did Stanley Cohen study?

    Plasmids

    Herbert Boyer performed studies on restriction enzymes of the __________ bacterium.

    <p>E.coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their contributions to biotechnology:

    <p>Herbert Boyer = Discovered 'sticky ends' of DNA Rene Descartes = Promoted anthropocentric view of sciences Stanley Cohen = Studied plasmids Biotechnology = Improved health and food production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Herbert Boyer's significant discovery about restriction enzymes?

    <p>They can cut DNA strands leaving 'sticky ends'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biotechnology has no major impact on food production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What profession did Herbert Boyer hold at the University of California at San Francisco?

    <p>assistant professor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biotechnology began as an off-shoot of modern __________.

    <p>biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Stanley Cohen study in relation to biotechnology?

    <p>Small ringlets of DNA called plasmids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their contributions to biotechnology:

    <p>Herbert Boyer = Restriction enzymes that cut DNA Stanley Cohen = Study of plasmids Rene Descartes = Anthropocentric view of natural sciences Biotechnology = Qualitative improvement in health and food production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary focus of the natural sciences has always been human welfare.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'sticky ends' in DNA?

    <p>Clipped ends of DNA strands created by restriction enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To produce a desirable protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recombinant proteins are produced only in bacterial cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a bioreactor used for?

    <p>To biologically convert raw materials into specific products using cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The expression of foreign genes requires __________ conditions to induce protein production.

    <p>appropriate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Cloning Vector = A tool for inserting foreign DNA into host cells Recombinant Protein = A protein expressed from a foreign gene in a host cell Bioreactor = A vessel for producing large quantities of biological products Continuous Culture System = A method for maintaining cells in an active growth phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of using a continuous culture system?

    <p>It maximizes the production of biomass and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using gel electrophoresis in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To separate DNA fragments based on size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agarose gel is a synthetic polymer used in gel electrophoresis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Small volume cultures can produce appreciable quantities of proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be optimized to induce the expression of a target protein?

    <p>Conditions that induce gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done to visualize DNA fragments after gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Stain the DNA with ethidium bromide and expose it to UV light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DNA fragments move towards the __________ during gel electrophoresis.

    <p>anode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their respective functions in recombinant DNA technology:

    <p>Restriction endonucleases = Cut DNA at specific sequences Gel electrophoresis = Separate DNA fragments by size Ethidium bromide = Stain DNA for visualization Agarose = Medium for electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the DNA fragments based on their sizes during gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Smaller fragments move farther than larger ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA fragments can be directly seen without any form of staining.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the desired outcome of cutting the vector and source DNA with the same restriction enzyme?

    <p>To create a recombinant vector molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the insertion of alien DNA into the antibiotic resistance gene achieve?

    <p>Inactivation of the antibiotic resistance gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of a chromogenic substrate leads to blue colored colonies indicating recombinant DNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the inactivation of β-galactosidase due to the insertion of recombinant DNA?

    <p>Insertional inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agrobacterium tumefaciens is known to deliver __________ to transform plant cells.

    <p>T-DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following entities with their roles:

    <p>Agrobacterium tumefaciens = Delivers T-DNA to plants Retroviruses = Transform normal cells into cancerous cells β-galactosidase = Enzyme used for identifying recombinants Chromogenic substrate = Indicates presence or absence of inserts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT used for selecting recombinants?

    <p>Fluorescence labeling of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The procedure for selecting recombinants using inactivation of antibiotics is straightforward.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using alternative selectable markers in genetic engineering?

    <p>To differentiate recombinants from non-recombinants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of restriction endonucleases in genetic engineering?

    <p>To splice foreign DNA into plasmids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells possess restriction endonucleases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>DNA ligase connects the foreign DNA to the plasmid vector by forming covalent bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of __________ involves the purification of functional proteins for therapeutic use.

    <p>downstream processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Origin of replication = Site at which DNA replication initiates Bioreactors = Controlled environments for biological reactions Downstream processing = Purification and formulation of proteins PCR = Technique to amplify DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of stirred tank bioreactors over shake flasks?

    <p>Better temperature control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Palindromic DNA sequences are important for the binding sites of restriction enzymes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using reporter enzymes in transformation studies?

    <p>To monitor successful transformation of host cells by indicating activity through a measurable signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

    • Biotechnological processes are driven by the principles of genetic engineering and the maintenance of sterile environments.
    • Genetic engineering involves manipulating genetic material (DNA and RNA) to alter the characteristics of host organisms.
    • Sterile environments are crucial for growing specific microbes or eukaryotic cells in large quantities for biotechnological product production, such as antibiotics, vaccines, and enzymes.
    • Recombinant DNA technology utilizes restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences, generating "sticky ends" for joining DNA fragments.
    • Palindromic sequences are DNA sequences that read the same forwards and backwards on the two strands.
    • Restriction enzymes cut DNA slightly away from the center of the palindrome, leaving single-stranded "sticky ends" that can bind to complementary sequences.
    • DNA ligase joins the "sticky ends" of DNA fragments, creating recombinant DNA molecules.
    • Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size, with smaller fragments moving farther through the gel matrix.
    • Ethidium bromide is used to stain DNA fragments, making them visible under UV light.
    • Transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA into a host bacterium.
    • Selectable markers, such as antibiotic resistance genes, are used to identify bacteria that have successfully integrated foreign DNA.
    • Cloning vectors, such as plasmids, provide a means to carry foreign DNA into host cells.
    • Vectors possess characteristics like:
      • Origin of Replication (ori): Allows the vector to replicate independently within the host cell.
      • Selectable Markers: Genes that allow for the identification of bacteria carrying the vector.
      • Cloning Sites: Specific sequences recognized by restriction enzymes, allowing for the insertion of foreign DNA.
    • pBR322 is an example of a commonly used E. coli cloning vector.
    • The loss of antibiotic resistance due to foreign DNA insertion can be used to select for transformed cells.
    • Recombinant plasmids, with their ability to replicate and carry foreign DNA, serve as the foundation for gene cloning and genetic engineering.

    Biotechnology - Principles and Processes

    • Biotechnology is a branch of modern biology that utilizes living organisms and their components to produce useful products for human benefit.

    • Biotechnology plays a key role in improving human health and food production.

    • Herbert Boyer, a pioneer in biotechnology, discovered the properties of restriction enzymes, which cut DNA strands in a specific way, leaving 'sticky ends' that allow for precise DNA joining.

    • Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.

    Recombinant DNA Technology

    • Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different sources to create a new DNA molecule.

    • Recombinant DNA is a molecule of DNA that contains genetic material from two or more different sources.

    • To create recombinant DNA, restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites, generating fragments with complementary "sticky ends".

    • Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that replicate independently from the chromosomal DNA in some bacteria.

    Gene Cloning

    • Gene cloning is the process of creating multiple, identical copies of a specific gene.

    • It involves inserting a gene of interest into a cloning vector, such as a plasmid, and then transferring the vector into a host cell.

    Gel Electrophoresis

    • Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size and charge.

    • DNA fragments are negatively charged and will migrate toward the positive electrode in an electric field.

    Selection of Recombinants

    • In recombinant DNA technology, it is essential to distinguish between cells that have taken up the recombinant DNA and those that have not.

    • This is achieved using selectable markers, such as antibiotic resistance genes.

    Gene Expression

    • Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to produce a functional product, usually a protein.

    • Recombinant DNA technology allows for the expression of foreign genes in host cells, leading to the production of desirable proteins.

    Bioreactors

    • Bioreactors are vessels designed to cultivate microbial, plant, or animal cells for the large-scale production of desired products.

    • They provide a controlled environment with optimal conditions for cell growth and product synthesis.

    • Bioreactors play a critical role in industrial biotechnology, enabling the production of various biopharmaceuticals and other valuable products.

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    Biotechnology: Principles and Processes 2015-16 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of biotechnology, focusing on genetic engineering and sterile environments. Learn about the manipulation of DNA and RNA, the importance of producing biotechnological products, and the techniques involved in recombinant DNA technology. Dive into the role of restriction enzymes and DNA ligase in creating recombinant DNA molecules.

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