Podcast
Questions and Answers
What significant property do restriction enzymes discovered by Boyer possess?
What significant property do restriction enzymes discovered by Boyer possess?
- They can replicate DNA.
- They can separate plasmids from bacterial cells.
- They can cut DNA strands leaving 'sticky ends'. (correct)
- They can transform one organism into another.
Herbert Boyer completed his undergraduate studies at Yale.
Herbert Boyer completed his undergraduate studies at Yale.
False (B)
Who collaborated with Herbert Boyer in the early development of biotechnology?
Who collaborated with Herbert Boyer in the early development of biotechnology?
Stanley Cohen
Biotechnology uses live organisms or __________ from organisms to produce useful products.
Biotechnology uses live organisms or __________ from organisms to produce useful products.
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
What process did Boyer and Cohen enable bacteria to perform?
What process did Boyer and Cohen enable bacteria to perform?
Making bread could be considered a form of biotechnology.
Making bread could be considered a form of biotechnology.
In what year did Herbert Boyer become an assistant professor at the University of California at San Francisco?
In what year did Herbert Boyer become an assistant professor at the University of California at San Francisco?
Which of the following techniques is primarily associated with altering the chemistry of genetic material?
Which of the following techniques is primarily associated with altering the chemistry of genetic material?
Asexual reproduction provides more genetic variation than sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction provides more genetic variation than sexual reproduction.
What is the main advantage of using genetic engineering over traditional hybridization methods?
What is the main advantage of using genetic engineering over traditional hybridization methods?
Bioprocess engineering maintains a sterile ambiance to enable growth of only the desired ______ in large quantities.
Bioprocess engineering maintains a sterile ambiance to enable growth of only the desired ______ in large quantities.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
Which organization provided a definition for biotechnology?
Which organization provided a definition for biotechnology?
Incorporating a piece of DNA into an alien organism guarantees its multiplication in progeny cells.
Incorporating a piece of DNA into an alien organism guarantees its multiplication in progeny cells.
What is the significant impact of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction on genetic traits?
What is the significant impact of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction on genetic traits?
Which of the following is the first step in genetically modifying an organism?
Which of the following is the first step in genetically modifying an organism?
Restriction enzymes only make cuts at the ends of DNA molecules.
Restriction enzymes only make cuts at the ends of DNA molecules.
What is the significance of the recognition sequence in restriction enzymes?
What is the significance of the recognition sequence in restriction enzymes?
The first restriction endonuclease, Hind II, recognizes a specific sequence of _____ base pairs.
The first restriction endonuclease, Hind II, recognizes a specific sequence of _____ base pairs.
Match the following restriction enzymes with their origin:
Match the following restriction enzymes with their origin:
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for cutting DNA?
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for cutting DNA?
Exonucleases can only remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA.
Exonucleases can only remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA.
A major tool in recombinant DNA technology that introduces DNA into the host is called a _____ .
A major tool in recombinant DNA technology that introduces DNA into the host is called a _____ .
What do restriction endonucleases cut in the DNA?
What do restriction endonucleases cut in the DNA?
Restriction enzymes can create blunt ends when they cut DNA.
Restriction enzymes can create blunt ends when they cut DNA.
What are the single-stranded portions at the ends of a cut DNA called?
What are the single-stranded portions at the ends of a cut DNA called?
Restriction endonucleases recognize specific sequences known as __________.
Restriction endonucleases recognize specific sequences known as __________.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which of the following statements about palindromic DNA sequences is true?
Which of the following statements about palindromic DNA sequences is true?
Different restriction enzymes can create compatible sticky ends.
Different restriction enzymes can create compatible sticky ends.
When two DNA fragments are cut using the same restriction enzyme, they can be joined together by __________.
When two DNA fragments are cut using the same restriction enzyme, they can be joined together by __________.
What is the primary component used in gel electrophoresis as the matrix?
What is the primary component used in gel electrophoresis as the matrix?
DNA fragments can be visualized with the naked eye without staining.
DNA fragments can be visualized with the naked eye without staining.
What color do stained DNA bands appear after exposure to UV light?
What color do stained DNA bands appear after exposure to UV light?
In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate towards the ______ because they are negatively charged.
In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate towards the ______ because they are negatively charged.
Which of the following correctly describes the movement of DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?
Which of the following correctly describes the movement of DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?
Elution involves cutting the DNA bands from the agarose gel.
Elution involves cutting the DNA bands from the agarose gel.
What is the purpose of using ethidium bromide in gel electrophoresis?
What is the purpose of using ethidium bromide in gel electrophoresis?
What is a primary function of the origin of replication (ori) in a cloning vector?
What is a primary function of the origin of replication (ori) in a cloning vector?
Bacteriophages have a lower copy number of their genome compared to plasmids within bacterial cells.
Bacteriophages have a lower copy number of their genome compared to plasmids within bacterial cells.
What is the significance of having a selectable marker in a cloning vector?
What is the significance of having a selectable marker in a cloning vector?
The genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin and __________ are commonly used as selectable markers in E. coli.
The genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin and __________ are commonly used as selectable markers in E. coli.
Which of the following features is NOT required to facilitate cloning into a vector?
Which of the following features is NOT required to facilitate cloning into a vector?
Transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA into a host bacterium.
Transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA into a host bacterium.
How does increasing the copy number of a vector benefit cloning procedures?
How does increasing the copy number of a vector benefit cloning procedures?
Match the following cloning vector components with their functions:
Match the following cloning vector components with their functions:
What innovation did Herbert Boyer discover regarding DNA strands?
What innovation did Herbert Boyer discover regarding DNA strands?
Biotechnology is only applicable to modern genetically modified organisms.
Biotechnology is only applicable to modern genetically modified organisms.
What was the primary breakthrough that Boyer and Cohen achieved together?
What was the primary breakthrough that Boyer and Cohen achieved together?
Boyer was born in _____ Pennsylvania.
Boyer was born in _____ Pennsylvania.
Match the following scientists with their contributions to biotechnology:
Match the following scientists with their contributions to biotechnology:
What is one of the main applications of biotechnology as defined in the content?
What is one of the main applications of biotechnology as defined in the content?
Restriction enzymes are capable of cutting DNA at any random location.
Restriction enzymes are capable of cutting DNA at any random location.
In what year did Herbert Boyer complete his graduate studies?
In what year did Herbert Boyer complete his graduate studies?
What do restriction endonucleases primarily cut?
What do restriction endonucleases primarily cut?
Sticky ends are produced when restriction enzymes cut DNA at the center of the palindrome sites.
Sticky ends are produced when restriction enzymes cut DNA at the center of the palindrome sites.
Define a palindromic sequence in DNA.
Define a palindromic sequence in DNA.
Restriction endonucleases form __________ molecules of DNA composed of DNA from different sources.
Restriction endonucleases form __________ molecules of DNA composed of DNA from different sources.
Match the restriction enzyme with its recognition sequence:
Match the restriction enzyme with its recognition sequence:
What is the significance of sticky ends formed after a restriction enzyme cuts DNA?
What is the significance of sticky ends formed after a restriction enzyme cuts DNA?
Restriction enzymes can cut DNA at multiple different sites on the same molecule.
Restriction enzymes can cut DNA at multiple different sites on the same molecule.
What enzyme is used to join DNA fragments together after they have been cut with restriction enzymes?
What enzyme is used to join DNA fragments together after they have been cut with restriction enzymes?
What enzyme is responsible for joining the ends of cut DNA molecules in recombinant DNA technology?
What enzyme is responsible for joining the ends of cut DNA molecules in recombinant DNA technology?
An alien piece of DNA can replicate without being part of a chromosome.
An alien piece of DNA can replicate without being part of a chromosome.
What is the term for making multiple identical copies of a DNA template?
What is the term for making multiple identical copies of a DNA template?
The first recombinant DNA was constructed by linking a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native __________ of Salmonella typhimurium.
The first recombinant DNA was constructed by linking a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native __________ of Salmonella typhimurium.
Match the following components with their functions in recombinant DNA technology:
Match the following components with their functions in recombinant DNA technology:
What is referred to as the origin of replication in a chromosome?
What is referred to as the origin of replication in a chromosome?
Cloning of the antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli was achieved without the need for a vector.
Cloning of the antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli was achieved without the need for a vector.
Who were the two scientists that accomplished the construction of the first recombinant DNA?
Who were the two scientists that accomplished the construction of the first recombinant DNA?
Which of the following is the first basic step in genetically modifying an organism?
Which of the following is the first basic step in genetically modifying an organism?
Restriction enzymes only function at specific sites within the DNA.
Restriction enzymes only function at specific sites within the DNA.
What is the function of ligases in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the function of ligases in recombinant DNA technology?
The enzyme EcoRI is derived from the bacteria __________.
The enzyme EcoRI is derived from the bacteria __________.
Match the following restriction enzymes with their recognition sequences:
Match the following restriction enzymes with their recognition sequences:
Which of the following statements about exonucleases is true?
Which of the following statements about exonucleases is true?
Restriction enzymes are a type of exonuclease.
Restriction enzymes are a type of exonuclease.
Name a common application of recombinant DNA technology.
Name a common application of recombinant DNA technology.
What is the primary purpose of a bioreactor?
What is the primary purpose of a bioreactor?
A sparged stirred-tank bioreactor uses only stirring to mix its contents.
A sparged stirred-tank bioreactor uses only stirring to mix its contents.
What processes are referred to as downstream processing?
What processes are referred to as downstream processing?
A stirred-tank reactor is usually __________ or with a curved base to facilitate mixing.
A stirred-tank reactor is usually __________ or with a curved base to facilitate mixing.
Match the components of a bioreactor with their functions:
Match the components of a bioreactor with their functions:
Which term best describes the combination of processes like separation, purification, and quality control testing?
Which term best describes the combination of processes like separation, purification, and quality control testing?
Quality control testing is the same for all biotechnological products.
Quality control testing is the same for all biotechnological products.
Which method uses high velocity micro-particles coated with DNA to transfer genetic material into plant cells?
Which method uses high velocity micro-particles coated with DNA to transfer genetic material into plant cells?
Recombinant DNA technology allows for the alteration of __________ to produce genetically modified organisms.
Recombinant DNA technology allows for the alteration of __________ to produce genetically modified organisms.
Isolation of DNA requires breaking open the cell to free it from other macromolecules.
Isolation of DNA requires breaking open the cell to free it from other macromolecules.
What is the role of restriction endonucleases in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the role of restriction endonucleases in recombinant DNA technology?
After treating with ________, RNA can be removed from the DNA preparation.
After treating with ________, RNA can be removed from the DNA preparation.
Match the following enzymes with their specific functions:
Match the following enzymes with their specific functions:
Which step comes first in the processes of recombinant DNA technology?
Which step comes first in the processes of recombinant DNA technology?
The process of culturing host cells ensures the replication of recombinant DNA.
The process of culturing host cells ensures the replication of recombinant DNA.
What is the purpose of adding chilled ethanol during DNA precipitation?
What is the purpose of adding chilled ethanol during DNA precipitation?
What is the primary function of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the primary function of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?
Eukaryotic cells contain restriction endonucleases.
Eukaryotic cells contain restriction endonucleases.
What is the first step in the process of genetically modifying an organism?
What is the first step in the process of genetically modifying an organism?
What are bioreactors primarily used for in large-scale production?
What are bioreactors primarily used for in large-scale production?
Restriction enzymes only cut DNA at specific sequences.
Restriction enzymes only cut DNA at specific sequences.
The final step in the recombinant DNA process is making a suitable formulation for __________.
The final step in the recombinant DNA process is making a suitable formulation for __________.
Match the following restriction enzymes with their characteristics:
Match the following restriction enzymes with their characteristics:
What type of nucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of DNA?
What type of nucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of DNA?
All restriction enzymes work on the same recognition sequences.
All restriction enzymes work on the same recognition sequences.
What is the primary role of vectors in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the primary role of vectors in recombinant DNA technology?
Which of the following is a requirement for a good cloning vector?
Which of the following is a requirement for a good cloning vector?
Plasmids usually contain high copy numbers of their genome within bacterial cells.
Plasmids usually contain high copy numbers of their genome within bacterial cells.
What is the purpose of the origin of replication (ori) in a cloning vector?
What is the purpose of the origin of replication (ori) in a cloning vector?
Selectable markers in cloning vectors are typically resistance genes to antibiotics such as ampicillin and __________.
Selectable markers in cloning vectors are typically resistance genes to antibiotics such as ampicillin and __________.
Match the following vector features with their functions:
Match the following vector features with their functions:
What type of DNA segments does the cloning vector need to have to link foreign DNA effectively?
What type of DNA segments does the cloning vector need to have to link foreign DNA effectively?
Bacteriophages typically replicate within bacterial cells under the control of chromosomal DNA.
Bacteriophages typically replicate within bacterial cells under the control of chromosomal DNA.
Briefly explain what transformation is in the context of cloning vectors.
Briefly explain what transformation is in the context of cloning vectors.
What molecule is used to increase the efficiency of DNA uptake in bacterial cells?
What molecule is used to increase the efficiency of DNA uptake in bacterial cells?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used to transfer genes to both plant and animal cells.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used to transfer genes to both plant and animal cells.
What is the purpose of heat shock in making bacterial cells competent?
What is the purpose of heat shock in making bacterial cells competent?
The _____ plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is modified to create a cloning vector.
The _____ plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is modified to create a cloning vector.
Match the following methods with their functions:
Match the following methods with their functions:
What happens to colonies that do not produce any color due to insertional inactivation?
What happens to colonies that do not produce any color due to insertional inactivation?
Name one method, other than heat shock, that can be used to introduce DNA into host cells.
Name one method, other than heat shock, that can be used to introduce DNA into host cells.
DNA can freely pass through the hydrophobic cell membrane of bacteria.
DNA can freely pass through the hydrophobic cell membrane of bacteria.
Which method involves directly injecting recombinant DNA into the nucleus of an animal cell?
Which method involves directly injecting recombinant DNA into the nucleus of an animal cell?
The process of culturing host cells occurs before the transfer of recombinant DNA into the host.
The process of culturing host cells occurs before the transfer of recombinant DNA into the host.
What is the purpose of using lysozyme when isolating DNA from bacterial cells?
What is the purpose of using lysozyme when isolating DNA from bacterial cells?
Micro-particles of __________ coated with DNA are used in the biolistics method.
Micro-particles of __________ coated with DNA are used in the biolistics method.
Match the following steps in recombinant DNA technology with their descriptions:
Match the following steps in recombinant DNA technology with their descriptions:
Which of the following enzymes is used to remove proteins during DNA isolation?
Which of the following enzymes is used to remove proteins during DNA isolation?
What is the main requirement for DNA to be cut by restriction enzymes?
What is the main requirement for DNA to be cut by restriction enzymes?
What is the primary function of a stirred-tank bioreactor?
What is the primary function of a stirred-tank bioreactor?
Extraction of the desired product occurs before culturing the host cells during recombinant DNA technology.
Extraction of the desired product occurs before culturing the host cells during recombinant DNA technology.
Downstream processing includes only the purification of the product.
Downstream processing includes only the purification of the product.
What is one key component of a bioreactor that ensures optimal growth conditions?
What is one key component of a bioreactor that ensures optimal growth conditions?
A __________ control system in a bioreactor helps maintain the acidity or alkalinity of the culture.
A __________ control system in a bioreactor helps maintain the acidity or alkalinity of the culture.
Match the following components of a bioreactor with their functions:
Match the following components of a bioreactor with their functions:
Which statement best describes downstream processing?
Which statement best describes downstream processing?
A sparged stirred-tank bioreactor does not require any oxygen delivery system.
A sparged stirred-tank bioreactor does not require any oxygen delivery system.
What must products undergo to ensure safety and effectiveness before marketing?
What must products undergo to ensure safety and effectiveness before marketing?
What is the main role of agarose gel electrophoresis in DNA manipulation?
What is the main role of agarose gel electrophoresis in DNA manipulation?
The enzyme DNA polymerase is used during the amplification of DNA in PCR.
The enzyme DNA polymerase is used during the amplification of DNA in PCR.
What is the outcome of adding ligase to the mixture of cut source DNA and cut vector DNA?
What is the outcome of adding ligase to the mixture of cut source DNA and cut vector DNA?
PCR can amplify a segment of DNA to approximately ______ copies.
PCR can amplify a segment of DNA to approximately ______ copies.
Match the following stages of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with their functions:
Match the following stages of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with their functions:
Which type of DNA is primarily used as a template in PCR?
Which type of DNA is primarily used as a template in PCR?
Recipient cells must be made 'competent' to take up surrounding DNA.
Recipient cells must be made 'competent' to take up surrounding DNA.
The thermostable DNA polymerase used in PCR is isolated from the bacterium ______.
The thermostable DNA polymerase used in PCR is isolated from the bacterium ______.
What is the primary purpose of using a selectable marker in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the primary purpose of using a selectable marker in recombinant DNA technology?
The expression of foreign genes in host cells is a straightforward process without any technical details.
The expression of foreign genes in host cells is a straightforward process without any technical details.
What is the role of bioreactors in biotechnology?
What is the role of bioreactors in biotechnology?
What is a palindrome in the context of DNA?
What is a palindrome in the context of DNA?
The ultimate aim of recombinant technologies is to produce a desirable __________.
The ultimate aim of recombinant technologies is to produce a desirable __________.
Restriction endonucleases recognize only non-palindromic sequences in DNA.
Restriction endonucleases recognize only non-palindromic sequences in DNA.
What are the overhanging stretches formed after restriction enzymes cut the DNA called?
What are the overhanging stretches formed after restriction enzymes cut the DNA called?
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific points in their __________ backbones.
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific points in their __________ backbones.
Which of the following is a key advantage of large-scale culturing methods?
Which of the following is a key advantage of large-scale culturing methods?
Transformed cells will die when spread on agar plates containing ampicillin.
Transformed cells will die when spread on agar plates containing ampicillin.
What is the role of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the role of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?
Why is it necessary to optimize conditions for inducing the expression of target proteins?
Why is it necessary to optimize conditions for inducing the expression of target proteins?
Restriction endonucleases must cut the vector and source DNA with the same enzyme to create recombinant DNA.
Restriction endonucleases must cut the vector and source DNA with the same enzyme to create recombinant DNA.
What must happen for recombinant molecules of DNA to be formed?
What must happen for recombinant molecules of DNA to be formed?
What is the purpose of a stirrer in a stirred-tank bioreactor?
What is the purpose of a stirrer in a stirred-tank bioreactor?
What type of bioreactor is commonly used to ensure optimal growth conditions?
What type of bioreactor is commonly used to ensure optimal growth conditions?
A bioreactor provides optimum growth conditions such as temperature, pH, and __________.
A bioreactor provides optimum growth conditions such as temperature, pH, and __________.
Which of the following processes is part of downstream processing?
Which of the following processes is part of downstream processing?
What is the primary purpose of having a selectable marker in a cloning vector?
What is the primary purpose of having a selectable marker in a cloning vector?
Quality control testing is the same for every biotechnology product.
Quality control testing is the same for every biotechnology product.
What is recombinant DNA technology commonly used for?
What is recombinant DNA technology commonly used for?
Plasmids can have a variable copy number per cell, ranging from one to hundreds.
Plasmids can have a variable copy number per cell, ranging from one to hundreds.
Name one commonly used selectable marker in E. coli.
Name one commonly used selectable marker in E. coli.
The ______ of replication (ori) is responsible for controlling the copy number of linked DNA.
The ______ of replication (ori) is responsible for controlling the copy number of linked DNA.
Match the following vector features with their purposes:
Match the following vector features with their purposes:
Which feature in cloning vectors helps to minimize complications during gene cloning?
Which feature in cloning vectors helps to minimize complications during gene cloning?
Bacteriophages typically have a lower copy number of their genome compared to plasmids.
Bacteriophages typically have a lower copy number of their genome compared to plasmids.
What is the role of restriction enzymes in the context of cloning vectors?
What is the role of restriction enzymes in the context of cloning vectors?
What is the role of agarose in gel electrophoresis?
What is the role of agarose in gel electrophoresis?
DNA fragments can be visualized without any staining technique.
DNA fragments can be visualized without any staining technique.
What is the common visualization technique used for DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis?
What is the common visualization technique used for DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis?
What is the result of exposing ethidium bromide stained gel to UV light?
What is the result of exposing ethidium bromide stained gel to UV light?
Smaller DNA fragments move farther than larger fragments during gel electrophoresis.
Smaller DNA fragments move farther than larger fragments during gel electrophoresis.
What is the procedure called to extract DNA from the agarose gel after electrophoresis?
What is the procedure called to extract DNA from the agarose gel after electrophoresis?
What is one of the primary advantages of using bioreactors in large-scale production?
What is one of the primary advantages of using bioreactors in large-scale production?
Eukaryotic cells do not possess restriction endonucleases.
Eukaryotic cells do not possess restriction endonucleases.
Name one function of a reporter enzyme in genetic engineering.
Name one function of a reporter enzyme in genetic engineering.
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific __________ sequences.
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific __________ sequences.
What aspect of biotechnology does genetic engineering specifically focus on?
What aspect of biotechnology does genetic engineering specifically focus on?
Bioprocess engineering ensures the growth of both desired and undesired microbes in biotechnological processes.
Bioprocess engineering ensures the growth of both desired and undesired microbes in biotechnological processes.
What is the main advantage of genetic engineering over traditional hybridization methods?
What is the main advantage of genetic engineering over traditional hybridization methods?
The definition of biotechnology by the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) includes the integration of natural science and __________.
The definition of biotechnology by the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) includes the integration of natural science and __________.
Which of the following is a core technique of biotechnology that maintains a sterile environment?
Which of the following is a core technique of biotechnology that maintains a sterile environment?
Match each biotechnology term with its correct description:
Match each biotechnology term with its correct description:
A piece of DNA transferred into an alien organism is guaranteed to replicate in the progeny cells.
A piece of DNA transferred into an alien organism is guaranteed to replicate in the progeny cells.
What is one significant benefit of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction in terms of genetic variation?
What is one significant benefit of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction in terms of genetic variation?
Which method is used to directly inject recombinant DNA into the nucleus of an animal cell?
Which method is used to directly inject recombinant DNA into the nucleus of an animal cell?
Isolation of DNA involves breaking open the cell to release DNA and other macromolecules.
Isolation of DNA involves breaking open the cell to release DNA and other macromolecules.
What type of enzymes are used to remove RNA during DNA isolation?
What type of enzymes are used to remove RNA during DNA isolation?
The method known as __________ involves bombarding plant cells with DNA-coated micro-particles.
The method known as __________ involves bombarding plant cells with DNA-coated micro-particles.
Chilled ethanol is used to precipitate purified DNA after isolation.
Chilled ethanol is used to precipitate purified DNA after isolation.
Name one type of enzyme used to break down bacterial cell walls during DNA isolation.
Name one type of enzyme used to break down bacterial cell walls during DNA isolation.
What is the main role of the selectable marker in a cloning vector?
What is the main role of the selectable marker in a cloning vector?
Bacteriophages typically have a lower copy number of their genome within bacterial cells than plasmids.
Bacteriophages typically have a lower copy number of their genome within bacterial cells than plasmids.
What is the function of the origin of replication (ori) in a cloning vector?
What is the function of the origin of replication (ori) in a cloning vector?
The presence of single recognition sites for restriction enzymes in a vector minimizes the generation of __________ during cloning.
The presence of single recognition sites for restriction enzymes in a vector minimizes the generation of __________ during cloning.
What is the primary function of a restriction enzyme during DNA manipulation?
What is the primary function of a restriction enzyme during DNA manipulation?
Agarose gel electrophoresis is used to check the progression of a restriction enzyme digestion.
Agarose gel electrophoresis is used to check the progression of a restriction enzyme digestion.
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cloning vectors?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cloning vectors?
What is the purpose of using ligase in the process of recombinant DNA preparation?
What is the purpose of using ligase in the process of recombinant DNA preparation?
Match the following features of cloning vectors with their descriptions:
Match the following features of cloning vectors with their descriptions:
Transformation refers to the procedure of successfully isolating recombinant DNA.
Transformation refers to the procedure of successfully isolating recombinant DNA.
The high-temperature step in PCR is known as _____, which separates the double-stranded DNA.
The high-temperature step in PCR is known as _____, which separates the double-stranded DNA.
Match the following steps of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with their correct descriptions:
Match the following steps of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with their correct descriptions:
Common selectable markers used for E. coli include genes that provide resistance to __________.
Common selectable markers used for E. coli include genes that provide resistance to __________.
Which of the following enzymes is key for extending the primers during PCR?
Which of the following enzymes is key for extending the primers during PCR?
A recombinant DNA molecule can only be inserted into host cells through one method.
A recombinant DNA molecule can only be inserted into host cells through one method.
What is the term used to describe recipient cells that have been treated to take up DNA?
What is the term used to describe recipient cells that have been treated to take up DNA?
What method is used to make bacterial cells competent for DNA uptake?
What method is used to make bacterial cells competent for DNA uptake?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used to deliver genes into animal cells.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used to deliver genes into animal cells.
What DNA component does Agrobacterium tumefaciens deliver to transform plant cells?
What DNA component does Agrobacterium tumefaciens deliver to transform plant cells?
The process of introducing foreign DNA into host cells is called ______.
The process of introducing foreign DNA into host cells is called ______.
Match the following vectors with their uses:
Match the following vectors with their uses:
Which of the following statements is true regarding recombinant colonies?
Which of the following statements is true regarding recombinant colonies?
The rationale behind using pathogens for gene delivery is based on their natural abilities to transform host cells.
The rationale behind using pathogens for gene delivery is based on their natural abilities to transform host cells.
To facilitate the entry of DNA, bacterial cells are treated with a specific concentration of __________.
To facilitate the entry of DNA, bacterial cells are treated with a specific concentration of __________.
What was the main focus of Herbert Boyer's studies in 1969?
What was the main focus of Herbert Boyer's studies in 1969?
Biotechnology can be broadly defined as the use of natural organisms for various applications.
Biotechnology can be broadly defined as the use of natural organisms for various applications.
What are the small ringlets of DNA called that are used in gene cloning?
What are the small ringlets of DNA called that are used in gene cloning?
The process of recombining segments of DNA is known as __________.
The process of recombining segments of DNA is known as __________.
Match each scientist with their contribution to biotechnology:
Match each scientist with their contribution to biotechnology:
What is an essential feature introduced by Boyer and Cohen in their biotechnology work?
What is an essential feature introduced by Boyer and Cohen in their biotechnology work?
Genetically modified organisms are a key component of modern biotechnology.
Genetically modified organisms are a key component of modern biotechnology.
In what year did Herbert Boyer complete his graduate work at the University of Pittsburgh?
In what year did Herbert Boyer complete his graduate work at the University of Pittsburgh?
What is the primary purpose of using a restriction enzyme in DNA manipulation?
What is the primary purpose of using a restriction enzyme in DNA manipulation?
Agarose gel electrophoresis can be used to confirm the successful cutting of DNA by restriction enzymes.
Agarose gel electrophoresis can be used to confirm the successful cutting of DNA by restriction enzymes.
What type of enzyme is used to ligate cut DNA segments together during recombinant DNA preparation?
What type of enzyme is used to ligate cut DNA segments together during recombinant DNA preparation?
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) uses a thermostable DNA polymerase from the organism __________ to extend primers.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) uses a thermostable DNA polymerase from the organism __________ to extend primers.
Match the following PCR steps with their correct descriptions:
Match the following PCR steps with their correct descriptions:
What is created after the amplification of a gene of interest using PCR?
What is created after the amplification of a gene of interest using PCR?
Recipient cells must be made 'competent' before they can take up recombinant DNA.
Recipient cells must be made 'competent' before they can take up recombinant DNA.
What type of bond does DNA ligase form when joining DNA fragments?
What type of bond does DNA ligase form when joining DNA fragments?
What is the purpose of using restriction endonucleases in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the purpose of using restriction endonucleases in recombinant DNA technology?
Bioreactors are primarily used for the production of therapeutic proteins on a small scale.
Bioreactors are primarily used for the production of therapeutic proteins on a small scale.
Name one advantage of using stirred tank bioreactors over shake flasks.
Name one advantage of using stirred tank bioreactors over shake flasks.
The functional protein produced after isolating foreign DNA is called the __________.
The functional protein produced after isolating foreign DNA is called the __________.
Match each component of recombinant DNA technology with its function:
Match each component of recombinant DNA technology with its function:
Heterologous expression refers to expressing a protein in the same organism where the gene was cloned.
Heterologous expression refers to expressing a protein in the same organism where the gene was cloned.
What are bioreactors used for?
What are bioreactors used for?
The cells can be maintained in their physiologically most active _____ phase for optimal growth.
The cells can be maintained in their physiologically most active _____ phase for optimal growth.
Why is large-scale production of recombinant proteins necessary?
Why is large-scale production of recombinant proteins necessary?
Ampicillin-resistant cells will die when exposed to ampicillin.
Ampicillin-resistant cells will die when exposed to ampicillin.
What happens to foreign DNA when it is inserted into a cloning vector and transferred into host cells?
What happens to foreign DNA when it is inserted into a cloning vector and transferred into host cells?
What is the primary purpose of gel electrophoresis in DNA analysis?
What is the primary purpose of gel electrophoresis in DNA analysis?
DNA fragments can be seen with the naked eye without any staining technique.
DNA fragments can be seen with the naked eye without any staining technique.
What is the role of ethidium bromide in gel electrophoresis?
What is the role of ethidium bromide in gel electrophoresis?
The agarose gel provides a __________________ effect that allows DNA fragments to separate based on size.
The agarose gel provides a __________________ effect that allows DNA fragments to separate based on size.
Match the following terms with their descriptions related to gel electrophoresis:
Match the following terms with their descriptions related to gel electrophoresis:
How does the size of DNA fragments affect their movement in gel electrophoresis?
How does the size of DNA fragments affect their movement in gel electrophoresis?
Elution is the process of cutting DNA bands from the agarose gel.
Elution is the process of cutting DNA bands from the agarose gel.
What is a primary aspect of genetic engineering?
What is a primary aspect of genetic engineering?
Bioprocess engineering focuses on maintaining a sterile environment for the growth of desired microbes or cells.
Bioprocess engineering focuses on maintaining a sterile environment for the growth of desired microbes or cells.
Define biotechnology based on the EFB's definition.
Define biotechnology based on the EFB's definition.
Traditional hybridization processes often lead to the inclusion of __________ genes.
Traditional hybridization processes often lead to the inclusion of __________ genes.
Match the following biotechnology techniques with their descriptions:
Match the following biotechnology techniques with their descriptions:
What is one of the core benefits of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
What is one of the core benefits of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
Only a piece of DNA that is integrated into an alien organism can guarantee its multiplication in progeny cells.
Only a piece of DNA that is integrated into an alien organism can guarantee its multiplication in progeny cells.
What two techniques form the foundation of modern biotechnology?
What two techniques form the foundation of modern biotechnology?
What is the role of DNA ligase in the process of genetic engineering?
What is the role of DNA ligase in the process of genetic engineering?
Eukaryotic cells possess restriction endonucleases.
Eukaryotic cells possess restriction endonucleases.
What is the main advantage of using bioreactors for large scale production?
What is the main advantage of using bioreactors for large scale production?
A ___________ is used to monitor the transformation of host cells by foreign DNA.
A ___________ is used to monitor the transformation of host cells by foreign DNA.
Match the following components of genetic engineering with their functions:
Match the following components of genetic engineering with their functions:
Which method involves the direct injection of recombinant DNA into an animal cell?
Which method involves the direct injection of recombinant DNA into an animal cell?
The first step in recombinant DNA technology is the transfer of recombinant DNA into the host.
The first step in recombinant DNA technology is the transfer of recombinant DNA into the host.
What enzyme is specifically used to remove RNA during the isolation of DNA?
What enzyme is specifically used to remove RNA during the isolation of DNA?
The process of breaking open cells to release DNA is called ______.
The process of breaking open cells to release DNA is called ______.
Match the following methods with their descriptions:
Match the following methods with their descriptions:
Which molecule is NOT typically removed during DNA isolation?
Which molecule is NOT typically removed during DNA isolation?
Ethanol is used to precipitate purified DNA during isolation.
Ethanol is used to precipitate purified DNA during isolation.
What are the two main types of molecules that must be removed from DNA during its isolation?
What are the two main types of molecules that must be removed from DNA during its isolation?
What is the primary purpose of gel electrophoresis?
What is the primary purpose of gel electrophoresis?
What compound is commonly used to stain DNA for visualization in gel electrophoresis?
What compound is commonly used to stain DNA for visualization in gel electrophoresis?
The larger the DNA fragment, the ______ it moves through the agarose gel during electrophoresis.
The larger the DNA fragment, the ______ it moves through the agarose gel during electrophoresis.
Match the following gel electrophoresis components with their functions:
Match the following gel electrophoresis components with their functions:
What happens to DNA fragments after gel electrophoresis?
What happens to DNA fragments after gel electrophoresis?
What is the process of extracting DNA bands from agarose gel called?
What is the process of extracting DNA bands from agarose gel called?
What is the primary role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
What is the primary role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
Herbert Boyer was primarily focused on studying plant DNA.
Herbert Boyer was primarily focused on studying plant DNA.
What discovery allowed Boyer and Cohen to recombine segments of DNA?
What discovery allowed Boyer and Cohen to recombine segments of DNA?
Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or ________ from organisms to produce useful products.
Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or ________ from organisms to produce useful products.
Match the following individuals to their contributions in biotechnology:
Match the following individuals to their contributions in biotechnology:
Which of the following represents a traditional application of biotechnology?
Which of the following represents a traditional application of biotechnology?
Plasmids can replicate independently of the bacterial genome.
Plasmids can replicate independently of the bacterial genome.
What is the foundational significance of the work done by Boyer and Cohen?
What is the foundational significance of the work done by Boyer and Cohen?
Which feature is crucial for controlling the copy number of linked DNA in a cloning vector?
Which feature is crucial for controlling the copy number of linked DNA in a cloning vector?
Bacteriophages typically have a lower copy number of their genome within bacterial cells compared to plasmids.
Bacteriophages typically have a lower copy number of their genome within bacterial cells compared to plasmids.
What is the purpose of a selectable marker in a cloning vector?
What is the purpose of a selectable marker in a cloning vector?
The genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as _________ are commonly used as selectable markers in E. coli.
The genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as _________ are commonly used as selectable markers in E. coli.
Match the following cloning vector features to their functions:
Match the following cloning vector features to their functions:
Which of the following describes the role of cloning sites in a vector?
Which of the following describes the role of cloning sites in a vector?
Plasmids are known to replicate within bacterial cells independently of chromosomal DNA.
Plasmids are known to replicate within bacterial cells independently of chromosomal DNA.
What is transformation in the context of cloning vectors?
What is transformation in the context of cloning vectors?
Which technique involves altering the chemistry of genetic material to change an organism's phenotype?
Which technique involves altering the chemistry of genetic material to change an organism's phenotype?
Bioprocess engineering focuses on creating a sterile environment to promote the growth of any microbial organism.
Bioprocess engineering focuses on creating a sterile environment to promote the growth of any microbial organism.
The definition of biotechnology given by the European Federation of Biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular __________ for products and services.
The definition of biotechnology given by the European Federation of Biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular __________ for products and services.
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
What is the likely outcome of transferring a piece of DNA into an alien organism?
What is the likely outcome of transferring a piece of DNA into an alien organism?
Sexual reproduction typically diminishes genetic variation in organisms.
Sexual reproduction typically diminishes genetic variation in organisms.
In biotechnology, the term _________ refers to the process of transferring foreign DNA into a host organism.
In biotechnology, the term _________ refers to the process of transferring foreign DNA into a host organism.
The isolation of genetic material requires that DNA be free from other macromolecules.
The isolation of genetic material requires that DNA be free from other macromolecules.
The process of __________ involves treating cells with enzymes to release DNA.
The process of __________ involves treating cells with enzymes to release DNA.
Match the following DNA processing steps with their descriptions:
Match the following DNA processing steps with their descriptions:
What type of cells can be treated with lysozyme for DNA isolation?
What type of cells can be treated with lysozyme for DNA isolation?
Ethanol is used to precipitate DNA during its purification process.
Ethanol is used to precipitate DNA during its purification process.
Which enzymes can be used to remove RNA during the DNA isolation process?
Which enzymes can be used to remove RNA during the DNA isolation process?
What enzyme is primarily responsible for extending primers in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
What enzyme is primarily responsible for extending primers in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
Agarose gel electrophoresis can be used to check the progression of a restriction enzyme digestion.
Agarose gel electrophoresis can be used to check the progression of a restriction enzyme digestion.
What is the term for the mixed DNA and vector after ligation in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the term for the mixed DNA and vector after ligation in recombinant DNA technology?
The __________ temperature polymerase is used in PCR to remain active during high temperature denaturation.
The __________ temperature polymerase is used in PCR to remain active during high temperature denaturation.
Match the following steps of PCR with their corresponding functions:
Match the following steps of PCR with their corresponding functions:
Which of the following best describes what happens during the primer annealing step in PCR?
Which of the following best describes what happens during the primer annealing step in PCR?
Competent cells require treatment before they can take up recombinant DNA from their surroundings.
Competent cells require treatment before they can take up recombinant DNA from their surroundings.
What is the main purpose of genetic engineering?
What is the main purpose of genetic engineering?
Asexual reproduction allows for greater genetic variation compared to sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction allows for greater genetic variation compared to sexual reproduction.
What is the process called that introduces ligated DNA into host cells?
What is the process called that introduces ligated DNA into host cells?
Bioprocess engineering ensures the growth of only the desired __________ in large quantities for manufacturing bioproducts.
Bioprocess engineering ensures the growth of only the desired __________ in large quantities for manufacturing bioproducts.
Match the following biotechnology terms with their definitions:
Match the following biotechnology terms with their definitions:
What enzyme is primarily responsible for joining cut DNA molecules?
What enzyme is primarily responsible for joining cut DNA molecules?
Which organization defined biotechnology in a way that includes both traditional and modern methods?
Which organization defined biotechnology in a way that includes both traditional and modern methods?
If a piece of DNA is transferred into an alien organism, it will always multiply in the progeny cells.
If a piece of DNA is transferred into an alien organism, it will always multiply in the progeny cells.
The origin of replication in DNA is essential for initiating replication.
The origin of replication in DNA is essential for initiating replication.
Who were the two scientists credited with constructing the first recombinant DNA molecule?
Who were the two scientists credited with constructing the first recombinant DNA molecule?
What are two core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology?
What are two core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology?
Recombinant DNA is created when an alien piece of DNA is integrated into ______.
Recombinant DNA is created when an alien piece of DNA is integrated into ______.
Match the following DNA components with their functions:
Match the following DNA components with their functions:
What medium is most commonly used for gel electrophoresis?
What medium is most commonly used for gel electrophoresis?
What is the primary application of inserting an antibiotic resistance gene into E. coli?
What is the primary application of inserting an antibiotic resistance gene into E. coli?
DNA fragments can be visualized under visible light without any staining.
DNA fragments can be visualized under visible light without any staining.
When integrated into the host genome, an alien piece of DNA cannot be inherited.
When integrated into the host genome, an alien piece of DNA cannot be inherited.
What type of DNA is also known as autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA?
What type of DNA is also known as autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA?
What process is used to separate DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis?
What process is used to separate DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis?
The smaller the DNA fragment size, the farther it moves through the __________ gel.
The smaller the DNA fragment size, the farther it moves through the __________ gel.
Which compound is used to stain DNA for visualization after gel electrophoresis?
Which compound is used to stain DNA for visualization after gel electrophoresis?
What is the process called when separated DNA bands are cut from the agarose gel?
What is the process called when separated DNA bands are cut from the agarose gel?
DNA fragments stain bright green when exposed to UV light after using ethidium bromide.
DNA fragments stain bright green when exposed to UV light after using ethidium bromide.
What is the second step in genetically modifying an organism?
What is the second step in genetically modifying an organism?
Restriction endonucleases can only cut DNA at the ends of the molecules.
Restriction endonucleases can only cut DNA at the ends of the molecules.
What term describes the specific base sequence that restriction enzymes recognize?
What term describes the specific base sequence that restriction enzymes recognize?
EcoRI is a restriction enzyme derived from __________.
EcoRI is a restriction enzyme derived from __________.
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for making cuts within the DNA?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for making cuts within the DNA?
All restriction enzymes recognize the same nucleotide sequences.
All restriction enzymes recognize the same nucleotide sequences.
What type of nucleases do endonucleases belong to?
What type of nucleases do endonucleases belong to?
What is the result of ligating foreign DNA at the BamH I site of the tetracycline resistance gene?
What is the result of ligating foreign DNA at the BamH I site of the tetracycline resistance gene?
Non-recombinants can grow on media containing both ampicillin and tetracycline.
Non-recombinants can grow on media containing both ampicillin and tetracycline.
What is the role of the antibiotic resistance gene in cloning vectors like pBR322?
What is the role of the antibiotic resistance gene in cloning vectors like pBR322?
The process of insertional inactivation occurs when a foreign DNA is inserted into the gene coding for __________.
The process of insertional inactivation occurs when a foreign DNA is inserted into the gene coding for __________.
What color will colonies appear if the plasmid does not have an insert when using a chromogenic substrate?
What color will colonies appear if the plasmid does not have an insert when using a chromogenic substrate?
Match the following components of cloning vectors with their functions:
Match the following components of cloning vectors with their functions:
What is the significance of using alternative selectable markers in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the significance of using alternative selectable markers in recombinant DNA technology?
The inactivation of the tetracycline resistance gene just involves removing a part of the gene.
The inactivation of the tetracycline resistance gene just involves removing a part of the gene.
What is the main purpose of using restriction enzymes in DNA manipulation?
What is the main purpose of using restriction enzymes in DNA manipulation?
Agarose gel electrophoresis uses a negatively charged DNA molecule to migrate towards the negative electrode.
Agarose gel electrophoresis uses a negatively charged DNA molecule to migrate towards the negative electrode.
What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
A ______ is added to the mixture of the cut DNA and vector to create recombinant DNA.
A ______ is added to the mixture of the cut DNA and vector to create recombinant DNA.
Match the following steps of PCR with their descriptions:
Match the following steps of PCR with their descriptions:
Which DNA polymerase is used in PCR because of its thermostability?
Which DNA polymerase is used in PCR because of its thermostability?
Recipient cells must be made ‘competent’ to take up the introduced DNA.
Recipient cells must be made ‘competent’ to take up the introduced DNA.
What type of DNA is created when a gene of interest is ligated with a vector?
What type of DNA is created when a gene of interest is ligated with a vector?
Which method involves directly injecting recombinant DNA into an animal cell?
Which method involves directly injecting recombinant DNA into an animal cell?
The process of isolating DNA requires breaking open the cell to release it.
The process of isolating DNA requires breaking open the cell to release it.
What enzyme is used to remove RNA during the DNA isolation process?
What enzyme is used to remove RNA during the DNA isolation process?
The __________ method uses high-velocity micro-particles coated with DNA for gene transfer.
The __________ method uses high-velocity micro-particles coated with DNA for gene transfer.
What is the purpose of using chilled ethanol in the DNA isolation process?
What is the purpose of using chilled ethanol in the DNA isolation process?
Protease is used to remove lipids from the mixture during DNA isolation.
Protease is used to remove lipids from the mixture during DNA isolation.
What is the final step of the recombinant DNA technology process mentioned in the content?
What is the final step of the recombinant DNA technology process mentioned in the content?
What role do restriction enzymes play in recombinant DNA technology?
What role do restriction enzymes play in recombinant DNA technology?
An alien piece of DNA must be integrated into a chromosome to replicate and be inherited.
An alien piece of DNA must be integrated into a chromosome to replicate and be inherited.
What is the main purpose of DNA ligase in the construction of recombinant DNA?
What is the main purpose of DNA ligase in the construction of recombinant DNA?
The first recombinant DNA was created from a gene encoding __________ resistance.
The first recombinant DNA was created from a gene encoding __________ resistance.
What is the significance of having an origin of replication in a cloning vector?
What is the significance of having an origin of replication in a cloning vector?
Transferring recombinant DNA into E. coli can help produce multiple copies of the desired gene.
Transferring recombinant DNA into E. coli can help produce multiple copies of the desired gene.
Who were the scientists known for constructing the first recombinant DNA molecule?
Who were the scientists known for constructing the first recombinant DNA molecule?
Which technique is primarily used to alter the chemistry of genetic material?
Which technique is primarily used to alter the chemistry of genetic material?
Bioprocess engineering focuses on maintaining a contamination-free environment in chemical processes.
Bioprocess engineering focuses on maintaining a contamination-free environment in chemical processes.
What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in biotechnology?
What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in biotechnology?
The integration of natural science and organisms for products and services is defined by __________.
The integration of natural science and organisms for products and services is defined by __________.
Match the following terms to their descriptions:
Match the following terms to their descriptions:
What is one major disadvantage of traditional hybridization methods?
What is one major disadvantage of traditional hybridization methods?
A piece of DNA transferred into an alien organism is guaranteed to multiply in its progeny cells.
A piece of DNA transferred into an alien organism is guaranteed to multiply in its progeny cells.
What is the likely fate of a piece of DNA that does not integrate into the host organism's genome?
What is the likely fate of a piece of DNA that does not integrate into the host organism's genome?
What is the purpose of the ampicillin resistance gene in transformed cells?
What is the purpose of the ampicillin resistance gene in transformed cells?
A selectable marker can imply that a transformed cell will die in the presence of certain antibiotics.
A selectable marker can imply that a transformed cell will die in the presence of certain antibiotics.
What is produced on a large scale in recombinant DNA technology?
What is produced on a large scale in recombinant DNA technology?
In recombinant DNA technology, the foreign gene that is expressed in a host cell is known as a __________ protein.
In recombinant DNA technology, the foreign gene that is expressed in a host cell is known as a __________ protein.
What is the primary benefit of using bioreactors over small volume cultures?
What is the primary benefit of using bioreactors over small volume cultures?
Continuous culture systems can only be used in small-scale production.
Continuous culture systems can only be used in small-scale production.
What type of cell cultures may be used for extracting and purifying a desired protein?
What type of cell cultures may be used for extracting and purifying a desired protein?
What significant breakthrough did Boyer and Cohen achieve?
What significant breakthrough did Boyer and Cohen achieve?
Biotechnology is solely focused on genetically modified organisms.
Biotechnology is solely focused on genetically modified organisms.
What are the 'sticky ends' created by restriction enzymes used for?
What are the 'sticky ends' created by restriction enzymes used for?
Herbert Boyer was born in the year ____.
Herbert Boyer was born in the year ____.
Match the following individuals with their contributions:
Match the following individuals with their contributions:
Which process describes the act of reintroducing plasmids into bacterial cells?
Which process describes the act of reintroducing plasmids into bacterial cells?
What method did Cohen develop for handling plasmids?
What method did Cohen develop for handling plasmids?
Restriction enzymes only cut DNA at specific recognition sites.
Restriction enzymes only cut DNA at specific recognition sites.
What is the main function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the main function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?
Exonucleases cut DNA at specific internal positions.
Exonucleases cut DNA at specific internal positions.
Name one restriction endonuclease that was characterized in 1968.
Name one restriction endonuclease that was characterized in 1968.
The process of introducing foreign DNA into a host organism is called __________.
The process of introducing foreign DNA into a host organism is called __________.
Match the following types of nucleases with their descriptions:
Match the following types of nucleases with their descriptions:
Which term describes the sequence that restriction enzymes recognize in DNA?
Which term describes the sequence that restriction enzymes recognize in DNA?
What is the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in gene delivery?
What is the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in gene delivery?
The correct naming convention for restriction enzymes includes letters from the name of the genus and species they are isolated from.
The correct naming convention for restriction enzymes includes letters from the name of the genus and species they are isolated from.
Retroviruses can be modified to deliver desirable genes into animal cells.
Retroviruses can be modified to deliver desirable genes into animal cells.
What must be done to bacterial cells to make them competent for DNA uptake?
What must be done to bacterial cells to make them competent for DNA uptake?
The process of introducing recombinant DNA into bacterial cells is called __________.
The process of introducing recombinant DNA into bacterial cells is called __________.
Which best describes the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens?
Which best describes the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens?
DNA cannot pass through cell membranes due to its hydrophilic nature.
DNA cannot pass through cell membranes due to its hydrophilic nature.
What is the purpose of making bacterial cells competent?
What is the purpose of making bacterial cells competent?
Bacteriophages typically have a lower copy number of their genome per cell compared to plasmids.
Bacteriophages typically have a lower copy number of their genome per cell compared to plasmids.
What are selectable markers used for in cloning vectors?
What are selectable markers used for in cloning vectors?
A vector requires a selectable marker to help identify and eliminate __________.
A vector requires a selectable marker to help identify and eliminate __________.
Which of the following is a benefit of high copy number vectors?
Which of the following is a benefit of high copy number vectors?
Restriction enzymes should ideally have multiple recognition sites to simplify gene cloning.
Restriction enzymes should ideally have multiple recognition sites to simplify gene cloning.
Which antibiotic resistance genes are commonly used as selectable markers in E. coli?
Which antibiotic resistance genes are commonly used as selectable markers in E. coli?
What is the first step in the process of recombinant DNA technology?
What is the first step in the process of recombinant DNA technology?
Biolistics uses high-velocity micro-particles to deliver DNA into animal cells.
Biolistics uses high-velocity micro-particles to deliver DNA into animal cells.
What is the primary purpose of using a restriction enzyme in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the primary purpose of using a restriction enzyme in recombinant DNA technology?
Agarose gel electrophoresis is used to visualize the movement of DNA towards the negative electrode.
Agarose gel electrophoresis is used to visualize the movement of DNA towards the negative electrode.
Name the enzyme that is used to remove RNA during DNA isolation.
Name the enzyme that is used to remove RNA during DNA isolation.
The method known as __________ involves directly injecting recombinant DNA into the nucleus of an animal cell.
The method known as __________ involves directly injecting recombinant DNA into the nucleus of an animal cell.
What enzyme is used to join the cut DNA fragments and ligate them together?
What enzyme is used to join the cut DNA fragments and ligate them together?
The technique used to amplify the gene of interest is called _____ .
The technique used to amplify the gene of interest is called _____ .
Which step follows the isolation of the desired DNA fragment?
Which step follows the isolation of the desired DNA fragment?
Match the following steps of the PCR process with their correct descriptions:
Match the following steps of the PCR process with their correct descriptions:
Proteins can be removed from the DNA mixture using ribonuclease.
Proteins can be removed from the DNA mixture using ribonuclease.
Which component is crucial for the functioning of PCR at high temperatures?
Which component is crucial for the functioning of PCR at high temperatures?
Competent cells are made ready to take up foreign DNA during the transformation process.
Competent cells are made ready to take up foreign DNA during the transformation process.
What is the final result of adding chilled ethanol during DNA isolation?
What is the final result of adding chilled ethanol during DNA isolation?
What is the purpose of adding a gene for antibiotic resistance to a recombinant DNA?
What is the purpose of adding a gene for antibiotic resistance to a recombinant DNA?
What is the role of the origin of replication in a chromosome?
What is the role of the origin of replication in a chromosome?
Plasmids can act as vectors to transfer alien DNA into host organisms.
Plasmids can act as vectors to transfer alien DNA into host organisms.
What is recombinant DNA?
What is recombinant DNA?
The enzyme __________ is responsible for joining the ends of cut DNA molecules.
The enzyme __________ is responsible for joining the ends of cut DNA molecules.
Match the following scientists with their contributions:
Match the following scientists with their contributions:
In what year did Cohen and Boyer successfully construct recombinant DNA?
In what year did Cohen and Boyer successfully construct recombinant DNA?
Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes can be done at any location on the DNA strand.
Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes can be done at any location on the DNA strand.
Name a common selectable marker used in E. coli.
Name a common selectable marker used in E. coli.
What is the primary focus of biotechnology today?
What is the primary focus of biotechnology today?
Herbert Boyer discovered the ability of restriction enzymes to cut DNA, leading to the concept of 'sticky ends'.
Herbert Boyer discovered the ability of restriction enzymes to cut DNA, leading to the concept of 'sticky ends'.
What process combines DNA splicing and the use of plasmids to manipulate genetic material?
What process combines DNA splicing and the use of plasmids to manipulate genetic material?
Herbert Boyer performed studies on restriction enzymes of the __________ bacterium.
Herbert Boyer performed studies on restriction enzymes of the __________ bacterium.
What does biotechnology broadly encompass?
What does biotechnology broadly encompass?
The primary component of biotechnology is the use of chemical processes in laboratories.
The primary component of biotechnology is the use of chemical processes in laboratories.
What type of DNA structure, invented by Stanley Cohen, is crucial for the replication of genetic material in bacterial cells?
What type of DNA structure, invented by Stanley Cohen, is crucial for the replication of genetic material in bacterial cells?
Which enzyme is primarily used to join foreign DNA to vector DNA in recombinant DNA technology?
Which enzyme is primarily used to join foreign DNA to vector DNA in recombinant DNA technology?
Bioreactors are only used for small-scale production of recombinant proteins.
Bioreactors are only used for small-scale production of recombinant proteins.
What is the role of a restriction enzyme in genetic engineering?
What is the role of a restriction enzyme in genetic engineering?
The process of producing functional proteins from foreign genes involves the use of ________ such as bioreactors.
The process of producing functional proteins from foreign genes involves the use of ________ such as bioreactors.
Match the following components of recombinant DNA technology with their functions:
Match the following components of recombinant DNA technology with their functions:
What is the function of a selectable marker in a cloning vector?
What is the function of a selectable marker in a cloning vector?
Bacteriophages have a higher copy number of their genome within bacterial cells compared to plasmids.
Bacteriophages have a higher copy number of their genome within bacterial cells compared to plasmids.
Agarose gel electrophoresis is used to check the purity of DNA samples.
Agarose gel electrophoresis is used to check the purity of DNA samples.
What is the purpose of ligase in the process of creating recombinant DNA?
What is the purpose of ligase in the process of creating recombinant DNA?
What is the purpose of a selectable marker in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the purpose of a selectable marker in recombinant DNA technology?
The genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin and __________ are considered useful selectable markers.
The genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin and __________ are considered useful selectable markers.
The main goal of recombinant DNA technology is to produce a desirable protein.
The main goal of recombinant DNA technology is to produce a desirable protein.
The enzyme ________ is used to synthesize multiple copies of a gene during PCR.
The enzyme ________ is used to synthesize multiple copies of a gene during PCR.
Match the cloning vector components with their functions:
Match the cloning vector components with their functions:
Which of the following is a common feature of plasmids used as cloning vectors?
Which of the following is a common feature of plasmids used as cloning vectors?
What is produced on a large scale in bioprocess engineering?
What is produced on a large scale in bioprocess engineering?
Match the following components of PCR to their functions:
Match the following components of PCR to their functions:
Bioreactors can be thought of as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific _______.
Bioreactors can be thought of as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific _______.
A vector must have multiple recognition sites for restriction enzymes to aid in gene cloning.
A vector must have multiple recognition sites for restriction enzymes to aid in gene cloning.
What effect does increasing the number of PCR cycles have on the amount of DNA produced?
What effect does increasing the number of PCR cycles have on the amount of DNA produced?
What is the benefit of using plasmids with a high copy number for cloning?
What is the benefit of using plasmids with a high copy number for cloning?
Thermostable DNA polymerase is important in PCR because it can withstand the high temperatures used in denaturation.
Thermostable DNA polymerase is important in PCR because it can withstand the high temperatures used in denaturation.
Describe how recipient cells become 'competent' to receive DNA.
Describe how recipient cells become 'competent' to receive DNA.
What advantage do continuous culture systems provide in protein production?
What advantage do continuous culture systems provide in protein production?
Cloning vectors must have at least one selectable marker to function correctly.
Cloning vectors must have at least one selectable marker to function correctly.
Name one condition that must be optimized for the expression of a foreign gene.
Name one condition that must be optimized for the expression of a foreign gene.
What is the term for the ends created by restriction enzymes after cutting DNA?
What is the term for the ends created by restriction enzymes after cutting DNA?
Restriction endonucleases can create blunt ends when they cut DNA.
Restriction endonucleases can create blunt ends when they cut DNA.
What is a palindrome in the context of DNA sequences?
What is a palindrome in the context of DNA sequences?
Restriction endonucleases recognize specific __________ sequences in DNA.
Restriction endonucleases recognize specific __________ sequences in DNA.
Match the following restriction enzymes with their actions:
Match the following restriction enzymes with their actions:
What is required for the creation of a recombinant vector molecule?
What is required for the creation of a recombinant vector molecule?
The formation of hydrogen bonds occurs between complementary sticky ends after DNA has been cut.
The formation of hydrogen bonds occurs between complementary sticky ends after DNA has been cut.
Restriction enzymes can recognize and cut DNA at specific sequences.
Restriction enzymes can recognize and cut DNA at specific sequences.
What does the 'R' in EcoRI signify?
What does the 'R' in EcoRI signify?
Restriction endonucleases make cuts at specific _______ within the DNA.
Restriction endonucleases make cuts at specific _______ within the DNA.
Which type of nucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA?
Which type of nucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA?
All restriction enzymes recognize the same recognition sequence.
All restriction enzymes recognize the same recognition sequence.
What is the primary function of restriction endonucleases in genetic engineering?
What is the primary function of restriction endonucleases in genetic engineering?
Bacteriophages can have higher copy numbers than plasmids within bacterial cells.
Bacteriophages can have higher copy numbers than plasmids within bacterial cells.
What is the process of using bioreactors for large scale production in biotechnology?
What is the process of using bioreactors for large scale production in biotechnology?
In genetic engineering, the purpose of the __________ is to ferry foreign DNA into host organisms.
In genetic engineering, the purpose of the __________ is to ferry foreign DNA into host organisms.
What does 'ori' stand for in the context of cloning vectors?
What does 'ori' stand for in the context of cloning vectors?
The cloning vector must have recognition sites for __________ to insert alien DNA efficiently.
The cloning vector must have recognition sites for __________ to insert alien DNA efficiently.
Match the following recombinant proteins with their therapeutic uses:
Match the following recombinant proteins with their therapeutic uses:
Match the following items related to cloning vectors with their descriptions:
Match the following items related to cloning vectors with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a common selectable marker used in E. coli?
Which of the following is a common selectable marker used in E. coli?
Single recognition sites for restriction enzymes are preferable in vectors for gene cloning.
Single recognition sites for restriction enzymes are preferable in vectors for gene cloning.
What is one advantage of cloning DNA with a vector that has a high copy number?
What is one advantage of cloning DNA with a vector that has a high copy number?
What is a method used for directly injecting recombinant DNA into the nucleus of an animal cell?
What is a method used for directly injecting recombinant DNA into the nucleus of an animal cell?
What enables bacteria to take up recombinant DNA during transformation?
What enables bacteria to take up recombinant DNA during transformation?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is capable of delivering DNA to animal cells.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is capable of delivering DNA to animal cells.
In recombinant DNA technology, the first step is the isolation of DNA.
In recombinant DNA technology, the first step is the isolation of DNA.
What is the term used to describe bacteria that have been treated to take up DNA?
What is the term used to describe bacteria that have been treated to take up DNA?
Name one enzyme that can be used to break open bacterial cells to release DNA.
Name one enzyme that can be used to break open bacterial cells to release DNA.
To purify DNA, it needs to be free from other macromolecules such as __________ and proteins.
To purify DNA, it needs to be free from other macromolecules such as __________ and proteins.
The T-DNA delivered by Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces a ______ in the plant cells.
The T-DNA delivered by Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces a ______ in the plant cells.
Match the method of gene transfer with its corresponding descriptor:
Match the method of gene transfer with its corresponding descriptor:
Match the following vectors with their primary application:
Match the following vectors with their primary application:
What method is used to precipitate out purified DNA after its isolation?
What method is used to precipitate out purified DNA after its isolation?
Which divalent cation is commonly used to make bacterial cells competent?
Which divalent cation is commonly used to make bacterial cells competent?
Recombinant DNA can naturally enter bacterial cells without any treatment.
Recombinant DNA can naturally enter bacterial cells without any treatment.
What must occur after bacterial cells are incubated with recombinant DNA on ice and then heat shocked?
What must occur after bacterial cells are incubated with recombinant DNA on ice and then heat shocked?
Micro-particles used in biolistics must be made of gold or tungsten.
Micro-particles used in biolistics must be made of gold or tungsten.
Herbert Boyer discovered that restriction enzymes can cut DNA strands in random patterns.
Herbert Boyer discovered that restriction enzymes can cut DNA strands in random patterns.
What process did Boyer and Cohen enable bacteria to act as in biotechnology?
What process did Boyer and Cohen enable bacteria to act as in biotechnology?
Biotechnology is concerned with using live organisms or _______ from organisms.
Biotechnology is concerned with using live organisms or _______ from organisms.
Which of the following correctly describes plasmids?
Which of the following correctly describes plasmids?
Making bread is not considered a form of biotechnology.
Making bread is not considered a form of biotechnology.
What is the primary focus of biotechnology in its restricted sense today?
What is the primary focus of biotechnology in its restricted sense today?
What is the role of the origin of replication in cloning?
What is the role of the origin of replication in cloning?
Plasmids are used as vectors to transfer DNA into host organisms.
Plasmids are used as vectors to transfer DNA into host organisms.
What enzyme is primarily responsible for joining DNA molecules together during the process of forming recombinant DNA?
What enzyme is primarily responsible for joining DNA molecules together during the process of forming recombinant DNA?
The first recombinant DNA was constructed by linking a gene encoding __________ resistance with a plasmid.
The first recombinant DNA was constructed by linking a gene encoding __________ resistance with a plasmid.
Which organism was used to first replicate an antibiotic resistance gene?
Which organism was used to first replicate an antibiotic resistance gene?
Cloning only happens when a piece of DNA is isolated from its original source.
Cloning only happens when a piece of DNA is isolated from its original source.
What is the term used for making multiple identical copies of a template DNA?
What is the term used for making multiple identical copies of a template DNA?
What do restriction endonucleases specifically recognize in DNA?
What do restriction endonucleases specifically recognize in DNA?
Restriction enzymes always cut DNA at the same position within their recognition sequence.
Restriction enzymes always cut DNA at the same position within their recognition sequence.
Restriction endonucleases leave __________ stretches at the ends of DNA fragments after cutting.
Restriction endonucleases leave __________ stretches at the ends of DNA fragments after cutting.
Match the following sequences with their complementary strands:
Match the following sequences with their complementary strands:
What role does DNA ligase play in recombinant DNA technology?
What role does DNA ligase play in recombinant DNA technology?
To create a recombinant vector molecule, both DNA and vector must be cut with the same restriction enzyme.
To create a recombinant vector molecule, both DNA and vector must be cut with the same restriction enzyme.
What is the main advantage of using restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
What is the main advantage of using restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
Recombinant proteins are produced by expressing foreign genes in their native host organisms.
Recombinant proteins are produced by expressing foreign genes in their native host organisms.
What is a bioreactor used for in biotechnology?
What is a bioreactor used for in biotechnology?
The ________ involves optimizing conditions to stimulate the expression of a cloned gene.
The ________ involves optimizing conditions to stimulate the expression of a cloned gene.
Why is it important to produce foreign proteins on a large scale?
Why is it important to produce foreign proteins on a large scale?
Only small-scale cultures can yield appreciable quantities of recombinant proteins.
Only small-scale cultures can yield appreciable quantities of recombinant proteins.
What is the significance of using a continuous culture system?
What is the significance of using a continuous culture system?
Which method involves directly injecting recombinant DNA into an animal cell's nucleus?
Which method involves directly injecting recombinant DNA into an animal cell's nucleus?
Biolistics involves bombarding cells with high-velocity micro-particles coated with DNA.
Biolistics involves bombarding cells with high-velocity micro-particles coated with DNA.
Name one type of enzyme used to isolate DNA from bacterial cells.
Name one type of enzyme used to isolate DNA from bacterial cells.
The process of introducing recombinant DNA into the host organism is known as __________.
The process of introducing recombinant DNA into the host organism is known as __________.
Match the following components with their respective functions:
Match the following components with their respective functions:
What is the first step in the recombinant DNA technology process?
What is the first step in the recombinant DNA technology process?
Chilled ethanol is used to remove lipids from the DNA isolation process.
Chilled ethanol is used to remove lipids from the DNA isolation process.
During DNA isolation, proteins are removed by treatment with __________.
During DNA isolation, proteins are removed by treatment with __________.
What is the primary purpose of using gel electrophoresis in DNA analysis?
What is the primary purpose of using gel electrophoresis in DNA analysis?
What compound is commonly used to stain DNA fragments for visibility under UV light?
What compound is commonly used to stain DNA fragments for visibility under UV light?
DNA fragments are negatively charged and migrate towards the ______ during gel electrophoresis.
DNA fragments are negatively charged and migrate towards the ______ during gel electrophoresis.
Match the components with their functions in gel electrophoresis:
Match the components with their functions in gel electrophoresis:
What is the function of elution in the context of gel electrophoresis?
What is the function of elution in the context of gel electrophoresis?
The smaller the DNA fragment, the farther it moves in gel electrophoresis.
The smaller the DNA fragment, the farther it moves in gel electrophoresis.
What is the significance of the agarose gel in gel electrophoresis?
What is the significance of the agarose gel in gel electrophoresis?
Which of the following processes involves the use of DNA ligase?
Which of the following processes involves the use of DNA ligase?
Eukaryotic cells have their own restriction endonucleases.
Eukaryotic cells have their own restriction endonucleases.
What is the purpose of using a bioreactor in large scale production?
What is the purpose of using a bioreactor in large scale production?
The __________ enzyme is used to monitor the transformation of host cells by foreign DNA.
The __________ enzyme is used to monitor the transformation of host cells by foreign DNA.
Match the following components of the recombinant DNA process with their functions:
Match the following components of the recombinant DNA process with their functions:
What is the first step in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the first step in recombinant DNA technology?
DNA is the only type of nucleic acid that serves as the genetic material in all organisms.
DNA is the only type of nucleic acid that serves as the genetic material in all organisms.
What method involves injecting recombinant DNA directly into the nucleus of an animal cell?
What method involves injecting recombinant DNA directly into the nucleus of an animal cell?
The method known as _______ uses high velocity micro-particles to transfer DNA into plant cells.
The method known as _______ uses high velocity micro-particles to transfer DNA into plant cells.
Match the following enzymes with their function:
Match the following enzymes with their function:
What is the purpose of chilling ethanol during DNA precipitation?
What is the purpose of chilling ethanol during DNA precipitation?
The process of culturing host cells occurs after ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector.
The process of culturing host cells occurs after ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector.
Which of the following is a core technique of modern biotechnology?
Which of the following is a core technique of modern biotechnology?
Sexual reproduction allows for variations in genetic traits compared to asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction allows for variations in genetic traits compared to asexual reproduction.
What is the role of bioprocess engineering in biotechnology?
What is the role of bioprocess engineering in biotechnology?
The definition of biotechnology includes the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular __________ for products and services.
The definition of biotechnology includes the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular __________ for products and services.
Match the following biotechnology terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following biotechnology terms with their correct descriptions:
Which statement is accurate regarding a piece of DNA transferred into an alien organism?
Which statement is accurate regarding a piece of DNA transferred into an alien organism?
Traditional hybridisation procedures are more efficient than genetic engineering in isolating desirable genes.
Traditional hybridisation procedures are more efficient than genetic engineering in isolating desirable genes.
What is one of the main advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
What is one of the main advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
What characteristic of plasmids affects the number of copies per cell?
What characteristic of plasmids affects the number of copies per cell?
Bacteriophages typically have a low copy number of their genome compared to plasmids within bacterial cells.
Bacteriophages typically have a low copy number of their genome compared to plasmids within bacterial cells.
The cloning vector must ideally have few recognition sites for __________ enzymes to avoid generating multiple fragments.
The cloning vector must ideally have few recognition sites for __________ enzymes to avoid generating multiple fragments.
Which antibiotic resistance genes are considered useful selectable markers for E. coli?
Which antibiotic resistance genes are considered useful selectable markers for E. coli?
Multiple recognition sites within a vector are beneficial for gene cloning.
Multiple recognition sites within a vector are beneficial for gene cloning.
Name an example of a selectable marker gene used in E. coli.
Name an example of a selectable marker gene used in E. coli.
The use of bioreactors allows for the large-scale production of desired proteins.
The use of bioreactors allows for the large-scale production of desired proteins.
What is the term used for a protein that is expressed from a foreign gene in a host organism?
What is the term used for a protein that is expressed from a foreign gene in a host organism?
Bioreactors can be described as vessels where raw materials are biologically converted into specific ______.
Bioreactors can be described as vessels where raw materials are biologically converted into specific ______.
Why is it important to produce proteins on a large scale in biotechnology?
Why is it important to produce proteins on a large scale in biotechnology?
Only small volume cultures can yield appreciable quantities of products.
Only small volume cultures can yield appreciable quantities of products.
What type of host cells can be used for expressing foreign genes?
What type of host cells can be used for expressing foreign genes?
What is the primary function of restriction enzymes?
What is the primary function of restriction enzymes?
Exonucleases and endonucleases are the same in function.
Exonucleases and endonucleases are the same in function.
Name one of the key tools used in recombinant DNA technology.
Name one of the key tools used in recombinant DNA technology.
The first restriction endonuclease identified was _____.
The first restriction endonuclease identified was _____.
Which step comes first in genetically modifying an organism?
Which step comes first in genetically modifying an organism?
There are over 900 restriction enzymes that have been characterized so far.
There are over 900 restriction enzymes that have been characterized so far.
What are the two types of nucleases mentioned?
What are the two types of nucleases mentioned?
Flashcards
Sticky ends
Sticky ends
Segments of DNA with exposed bases that can attach to complementary sequences.
Plasmids
Plasmids
Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome.
DNA splicing
DNA splicing
The process of cutting, joining, and inserting DNA fragments into a carrier molecule like a plasmid.
Restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biotechnology
Biotechnology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetic modification
Genetic modification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biotechnology in a restricted sense
Biotechnology in a restricted sense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plasmids removal and reinsertion
Plasmids removal and reinsertion
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the definition of biotechnology given by the European Federation of Biotechnology?
What is the definition of biotechnology given by the European Federation of Biotechnology?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Genetic Engineering?
What is Genetic Engineering?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Bioprocess Engineering?
What is Bioprocess Engineering?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Hybridization?
What is Hybridization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the main techniques involved in Genetic Engineering?
What are the main techniques involved in Genetic Engineering?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is gene transfer?
What is gene transfer?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the fate of DNA transferred into an alien organism often?
What is the fate of DNA transferred into an alien organism often?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction in relation to genetics?
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction in relation to genetics?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recognition Sequence
Recognition Sequence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Exonucleases
Exonucleases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Endonucleases
Endonucleases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Naming Convention for Restriction Enzymes
Naming Convention for Restriction Enzymes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hind II
Hind II
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Signup and view all the flashcards
Palindromic sequence
Palindromic sequence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Restriction endonuclease
Restriction endonuclease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recombinant DNA formation
Recombinant DNA formation
Signup and view all the flashcards
DNA ligase
DNA ligase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Agarose
Agarose
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sieving Effect
Sieving Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethidium Bromide
Ethidium Bromide
Signup and view all the flashcards
Elution
Elution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recombinant DNA Construction
Recombinant DNA Construction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Origin of Replication (ori)
Origin of Replication (ori)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Selectable Marker
Selectable Marker
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cloning Site
Cloning Site
Signup and view all the flashcards
Transformation
Transformation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cloning Vector
Cloning Vector
Signup and view all the flashcards
Copy Number
Copy Number
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a cloning vector?
What is a cloning vector?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is transformation in genetic engineering?
What is transformation in genetic engineering?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the origin of replication (ori) in a vector?
What is the origin of replication (ori) in a vector?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a selectable marker in a vector?
What is a selectable marker in a vector?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a cloning site in a vector?
What is a cloning site in a vector?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is recombinant DNA formation?
What is recombinant DNA formation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is recombinant DNA technology?
What is recombinant DNA technology?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Origin of Replication
Origin of Replication
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gene Cloning
Gene Cloning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Micro-injection
Micro-injection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biolistics (Gene Gun)
Biolistics (Gene Gun)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Disarmed Pathogen Vectors
Disarmed Pathogen Vectors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Lysis
Cell Lysis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bioreactor
Bioreactor
Signup and view all the flashcards
Downstream Processing
Downstream Processing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Agrobacterium tumifaciens
Agrobacterium tumifaciens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Making bacteria competent
Making bacteria competent
Signup and view all the flashcards
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chitinase
Chitinase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Product Recovery
Product Recovery
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a bioreactor?
What is a bioreactor?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What kind of bioreactors are most commonly used and how do they function?
What kind of bioreactors are most commonly used and how do they function?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is downstream processing?
What is downstream processing?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the focus of modern biotechnology?
What is the focus of modern biotechnology?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is biotechnology in general?
What is biotechnology in general?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the main stages of downstream processing?
What are the main stages of downstream processing?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is strict quality control testing important in biotechnology?
Why is strict quality control testing important in biotechnology?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Restriction Endonuclease Action
Restriction Endonuclease Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gene Expression
Gene Expression
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recombinant Protein
Recombinant Protein
Signup and view all the flashcards
Continuous Culture System
Continuous Culture System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why Large-Scale Production is Needed
Why Large-Scale Production is Needed
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the main techniques in genetic engineering?
What are the main techniques in genetic engineering?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the likely fate of transferred DNA?
What is the likely fate of transferred DNA?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a limitation of traditional hybridization?
What is a limitation of traditional hybridization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is sexual reproduction advantageous over asexual?
Why is sexual reproduction advantageous over asexual?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is biotechnology according to the EFB?
What is biotechnology according to the EFB?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cloning into a vector
Cloning into a vector
Signup and view all the flashcards
Independent replication
Independent replication
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?
What is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is recombinant DNA introduced into the host cell?
How is recombinant DNA introduced into the host cell?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a Restriction Enzyme?
What is a Restriction Enzyme?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Ligation?
What is Ligation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a Vector?
What is a Vector?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is biotechnology?
What is biotechnology?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is biotechnology in a restricted sense?
What is biotechnology in a restricted sense?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are plasmids?
What are plasmids?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are restriction enzymes?
What are restriction enzymes?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gene transfer
Gene transfer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Separating DNA Fragments
Separating DNA Fragments
Signup and view all the flashcards
DNA Charge
DNA Charge
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ligation
Ligation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vector
Vector
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biotechnology (restricted sense)
Biotechnology (restricted sense)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is Large-Scale Production Needed?
Why is Large-Scale Production Needed?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Main Techniques in Genetic Engineering
Main Techniques in Genetic Engineering
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fate of Transferred DNA
Fate of Transferred DNA
Signup and view all the flashcards
Limitation of Traditional Hybridization
Limitation of Traditional Hybridization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is Sexual Reproduction Advantageous?
Why is Sexual Reproduction Advantageous?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Restriction Endonuclease Digestion
Restriction Endonuclease Digestion
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is biotechnology (restricted sense)?
What is biotechnology (restricted sense)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alien DNA
Alien DNA
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the definition of biotechnology according to the EFB?
What is the definition of biotechnology according to the EFB?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the likely fate of DNA transferred into an alien organism?
What is the likely fate of DNA transferred into an alien organism?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is sexual reproduction advantageous over asexual reproduction?
Why is sexual reproduction advantageous over asexual reproduction?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is PCR?
What is PCR?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are bioreactors used for?
What are bioreactors used for?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an origin of replication (ori)?
What is an origin of replication (ori)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Restriction Enzyme Digestion
Restriction Enzyme Digestion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Insertion of Recombinant DNA
Insertion of Recombinant DNA
Signup and view all the flashcards
DNA Isolation
DNA Isolation
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is independent replication?
What is independent replication?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alien DNA Integration
Alien DNA Integration
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Foreign DNA?
What is Foreign DNA?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are palindromic sequences in DNA?
What are palindromic sequences in DNA?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are 'sticky ends' and how are they formed?
What are 'sticky ends' and how are they formed?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the role of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is recombinant DNA?
What is recombinant DNA?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are restriction enzymes and what is their role?
What are restriction enzymes and what is their role?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bacterial Competence
Bacterial Competence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biotechnology (restricted)
Biotechnology (restricted)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recombinant DNA Transfer
Recombinant DNA Transfer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vector (in genetic engineering)
Vector (in genetic engineering)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bioprocess Engineering
Bioprocess Engineering
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hybridization
Hybridization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biotechnology Definition (EFB)
Biotechnology Definition (EFB)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hybridization Limitations
Hybridization Limitations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sexual Reproduction Advantage
Sexual Reproduction Advantage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Herbert Boyer's Life and Work
- Born in 1936, raised in western Pennsylvania
- Earned graduate degree at University of Pittsburgh (1963)
- Completed post-graduate studies at Yale (1963-1966)
- Became an assistant professor at University of California, San Francisco in 1966
- Conducted research on restriction enzymes in E. coli (1969)
- Discovered enzymes' ability to cut DNA at specific sites, creating "sticky ends"
- Discovered that these clipped ends made pasting together pieces of DNA a precise exercise.
- Collaborated with Stanley Cohen in Hawaii to further research DNA splicing.
- Their collaboration established the biotechnology field, creating recombinant DNA technology.
- Boyer's graduate studies included the University of Pittsburgh and Yale.
- Boyer was a key figure in founding the biotechnology field.
DNA Splicing and Recombinant DNA
- Boyer and Cohen combined DNA splicing with plasmid transfer methods, which used plasmids as vectors.
- Plasmids are small, circular, self-replicating DNA molecules found in bacteria.
- They are used as vectors for DNA transfer, carrying a DNA fragment from one cell to another.
- Plasmids can replicate independently and carry foreign DNA.
- This allowed for precise insertion of DNA segments into bacterial cells, enabling the manufacture of specific proteins.
- This process led to the creation of recombinant DNA molecules, which contain DNA from different sources.
- The process involves cutting DNA using restriction enzymes, and then joining using DNA ligase, creating a desired genetic combination.
- Plasmids are crucial to replicate in bacteria, as they replicate autonomously, facilitating the transfer of foreign DNA into host cells and subsequent replication.
Genetic Engineering Principles
- Genetic engineering involves altering the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA).
- Traditional hybridisation methods can lead to undesirable genes being included along with desirable ones; this technique overcomes this issue.
- Techniques such as gene cloning, gene transfer, and making recombinant DNA allow for the isolation and introduction of desired genes, without the inclusion of undesirable genes.
- This allows for precise manipulation of genes for desired characteristics by isolating specific genes and introducing them.
- Genetic engineering can isolate specific genes for insertion, making this technique more controlled than older methods.
DNA Replication in Bacteria
- Alien DNA transferred into an organism may not replicate unless integrated into the host DNA.
- This depends on integration into host DNA for replication and inheritance in progeny cells.
- Plasmids ensure this replication within the bacterial cell's cytoplasm via an 'origin of replication', controlling replication and ensuring copies are made.
- Host DNA replicates the new segments, assuring their transmission through generations, replicating the newly added gene.
- Plasmids are crucial for replicating in bacteria, due to their autonomous replication.
Restriction Enzymes
- Enzymes that cut DNA at specific locations (recognition sequences).
- Two types of nucleases (exonucleases and endonucleases).
- Exonucleases remove nucleotides from DNA ends.
- Endonucleases cut DNA at specific points within the DNA strand.
- Recognition sequences are usually palindromes (sequences that read the same backward and forward).
- Create "sticky ends" (single-stranded overhangs), facilitating DNA fragment joining (via DNA ligase).
- Named after the bacterial strain in which they were discovered (e.g., EcoRI from Escherichia coli).
- Used for cutting DNA at specific points, allowing for the insertion of foreign DNA into DNA.
- Restriction enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences, cut DNA at precise locations, creating sticky ends crucial for ligation, ensuring correct joining of DNA.
- Recognition sequences are specific, ensuring cutting at the correct sites, using precise molecular tools.
Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Restriction enzymes, polymerase enzymes (e.g., DNA ligase), vectors (such as plasmids and bacteriophages), and host organisms are critical to recombinant DNA technology.
- Gel electrophoresis is used to separate and visualize DNA fragment sizes, isolating the desired fragment.
- Vectors (plasmids, bacteriophages) facilitate transfer, replication of foreign DNA within the host organism.
- The process provides the essential tools for manipulating DNA, including cutting, separating, joining, and transferring genes to achieve the intended results.
- Vectors are essential carriers of DNA fragments during gene transfer.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- PCR is a technique to make millions of copies of DNA sequences in vitro using heat-stable DNA polymerase.
- Uses heat-stable DNA polymerase (e.g., Taq polymerase) for multiple-cycle amplification of specific DNA sequences.
- PCR steps: Denaturation, annealing, and extension.
- Key for amplifying specific DNA sequences for further analysis and use, allowing for precise targeting of specific DNA regions.
- PCR uses primers to target specific DNA regions for replication, using a thermostable polymerase like Taq.
Obtaining Foreign Gene Product
- Recombinant DNA is inserted into a host cell (often bacteria).
- Host cells can multiply and produce many copies of the desired protein through the use of vectors.
- Purification and processing are essential to isolate the desired product, often requiring purification techniques like chromatography for separation.
- Recombinant DNA technology enables production of large quantities of specific proteins, beneficial for humans.
- Production demands may require large-scale procedures.
Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
- Bioreactors are large vessels culturing cells or microorganisms to produce desired proteins/compounds on a large scale; they provide optimal conditions.
- Downstream processing involves separating and purifying the desired product from the bioreactor's culture using methods like filtration, precipitation, or chromatography, ensuring large scale purification.
- Quality control is critical for the final formulated product, ensuring safety and efficacy; quality control methods are used to ensure that the product meets prescribed standards.
- Large-scale production methods are critical for obtaining proteins, like antibiotics, or hormones, which have huge demand.
- Bioreactors maintain optimal conditions for large-scale production; downstream processing ensures a pure product for applications.
Large Scale Production
- Biotechnology produces drugs, enzymes, and other proteins.
- Bioreactors are used for large-scale production of biomolecules.
- This involves industrial-scale procedures allowing large volumes of desired product, increasing yield needed for commercial products.
- Large-scale production facilitates commercial product development, improving availability and accessibility.
Recombinant DNA formation
- The same restriction enzyme must be used for both the vector and source DNA.
- Plasmid DNA acts as vectors, carrying the foreign DNA into the host organism and enabling replication; the origin of replication is critical for this process.
- Recombinant DNA is formed by linking foreign DNA to a vector using DNA ligase, creating a specific desired gene combination.
Techniques of DNA introduction into host cell
- Methods exist for introducing recombinant DNA into host cells: direct injection (microinjection), bombardment (biolistics, gene gun), and transfer using vectors (plasmids or bacteriophages).
- Heat shocking, for instance, makes cells competent for DNA uptake.
- Various methods for introducing DNA into cells; each method has specific purposes.
- Competent cells are prepared for DNA uptake using methods such as calcium treatment or electroporation.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the significant discoveries and principles of biotechnology, particularly those contributed by Herbert Boyer. This quiz covers concepts such as restriction enzymes, genetic engineering advantages, and bioprocess engineering techniques. Challenge yourself with matching terms and answering key questions in the field of biotechnology.
