Podcast
Questions and Answers
Red biotechnology is related to the ______ field.
Red biotechnology is related to the ______ field.
medical
Green biotechnology is primarily associated with the ______ field.
Green biotechnology is primarily associated with the ______ field.
agricultural
White biotechnology utilizes living organisms in the ______ field.
White biotechnology utilizes living organisms in the ______ field.
industrial
Blue biotechnology is related to the ______ world.
Blue biotechnology is related to the ______ world.
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The first animal cloned from diploid cells in Scotland was named ______.
The first animal cloned from diploid cells in Scotland was named ______.
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DNA sequencing involves determining the order of ______ in a DNA molecule.
DNA sequencing involves determining the order of ______ in a DNA molecule.
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SNPs stand for single nucleotide ______, which indicates a variation in the DNA sequence.
SNPs stand for single nucleotide ______, which indicates a variation in the DNA sequence.
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Primary databases store experimental results submitted directly by ______.
Primary databases store experimental results submitted directly by ______.
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For DNA extraction, the first step is cell ______ for protein and lipid dissolving.
For DNA extraction, the first step is cell ______ for protein and lipid dissolving.
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During PCR, the DNA is separated into single strands at a temperature of ______°C.
During PCR, the DNA is separated into single strands at a temperature of ______°C.
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During the elongation phase of PCR, DNA polymerase begins copying the template strand at ______°C.
During the elongation phase of PCR, DNA polymerase begins copying the template strand at ______°C.
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To store DNA, it is kept at a temperature of ______°C.
To store DNA, it is kept at a temperature of ______°C.
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In gene cloning, the target gene is inserted into a ______ to create recombinant DNA.
In gene cloning, the target gene is inserted into a ______ to create recombinant DNA.
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In cell culture technology, plant cell culture is utilized for growing genetically engineered plants with useful ______.
In cell culture technology, plant cell culture is utilized for growing genetically engineered plants with useful ______.
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The enzyme responsible for breaking hydrogen bonds during DNA replication is ______.
The enzyme responsible for breaking hydrogen bonds during DNA replication is ______.
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For RNA extraction, a common reagent used is ______.
For RNA extraction, a common reagent used is ______.
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Study Notes
Biotechnology
- Biotechnology is the science using living things to make or develop products for humanity.
Types of Biotechnology
Red Biotechnology
- Related to medicine
- Produces antibiotics from living organisms
- Used in genetic engineering to treat diseases
- Produces stem cells, tissue cultures, and vaccines (e.g., COVID-19 vaccine)
Green Biotechnology
- Related to agriculture
- Produces genetically modified plants and plant tissue
White Biotechnology
- Related to industrial fields
- Uses living organisms to produce chemicals
- Involved in drug manufacturing (e.g., insulin) and hormone production
Blue Biotechnology
- Related to marine environments
- Improves fish health and produces active ingredients from marine organisms
Stages of Biotechnology
- Ancient biotechnology was related to food and shelter (e.g., domestication)
- Classical biotechnology focused on fermentation, food production, and medicine
- Modern biotechnology involves manipulating genetic information (genetic engineering), DNA fingerprinting, and genetically modified food
Molecular Biological Examination of Organisms
- DNA and RNA extraction
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) for amplifying specific genes
- DNA sequencing (e.g., using primer sequences 5' TGCATGCA 3' and 3' ACGTACGT 5')
- Identifying codons, which are three nucleotides that code for amino acids
Types of Mutations
- Indels (insertions or deletions) of DNA pieces, represented as 5' GTACAСАТ 3', G-ACACAT insertion, 1 G-ACACAT, 5' GTAСАСАТ 3'
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) - Single base differences in the same position
Bioinformatics Analysis
- Using bioinformatics to analyze results of biotechnology experiments
Types of Databases
- Primary databases: archival databases containing experimental results submitted directly by researchers
- Example: GenBank
- Secondary databases: comprise data derived from the analysis of primary data
- Example: InterPro
DNA and RNA Extraction
- Cell lysis: breaking open cells to release DNA and RNA
- Protein removal: using chloroform to remove proteins
- DNA precipitation: using ice-cold ethanol to precipitate DNA
- RNA extraction: similar processes to DNA extraction
Replication in Vivo
- Helicase enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds
- Single-stranded protein (SSB) prevents strand re-annealing
- Primase forms primer (18-20 nucleotides)
- Leading and lagging strands are formed
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- In vitro DNA replication
- Requires primers and dNTPs (nucleotides)
- Three steps per cycle: denaturation, annealing, and elongation
Cell Culture Technology
- Growing cells in containers or bioreactors
- Plant cell culture: genetically engineered plants with traits like pest resistance
- Animal cell culture: used in breeding livestock
- Human cell culture: embryonic stem cells can differentiate into various cells
Tissue Engineering
- Combining cell biology and material science
- Production of semi-synthetic tissues in labs
- Creating artificial skin using natural and synthetic materials (e.g., collagen and polymers)
Cloning
- Creating genetically identical copies of biological entities
- Molecular cloning involves inserting a target gene into a vector (e.g., plasmid) and introducing it into a host cell (e.g., bacteria)
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Description
Explore the diverse field of biotechnology through its various types, including red, green, white, and blue biotechnology. Understand its applications in medicine, agriculture, industry, and marine environments. This quiz will test your knowledge on the stages and advancements in biotechnology.
