Forest Biotechnology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the primary aims of Forest Biotechnology?

The main aims of Forest Biotechnology include recovering and maintaining natural resources, improving ecosystem services, and using tree species more efficiently and sustainably.

Which branches of biotechnology can Forest Biotechnology be associated with?

Forest Biotechnology can be associated with Green, White, Grey, and Red Biotechnologies.

How does biotechnology integrate science and engineering?

Biotechnology applies science and engineering to utilize living organisms, or their parts and products in both natural and modified forms.

What distinguishes modern biotechnology from traditional biotechnology?

<p>Modern biotechnology involves newer applications like genetic engineering and in vitro cultures, while traditional biotechnology refers to long-established techniques like fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the criteria for an ideal model plant in tree biotechnology?

<p>An ideal model plant for tree biotechnology has a small genome size, a fast life cycle, and is easily transformable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are Populus and Salix preferred over Arabidopsis as model plants for tree biotechnology?

<p>Populus and Salix are preferred due to their smaller genomes and better adaptability for tree studies compared to Arabidopsis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of using Arabidopsis as a model for biotechnological research in trees?

<p>A significant drawback is that Arabidopsis has a much shorter life cycle and smaller genome, making it less representative of tree biotechnology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a pivotal moment in the history of modern biotechnology?

<p>A pivotal moment was in 1973 when Boyer and Cohen created the first recombinant DNA organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefits do PGPR provide to in vitro plants?

<p>PGPR enhance plant vigor, improve rooting, reduce chemical fertilization needs, promote acclimatization, and assist in disease prevention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two other microorganisms, besides rhizobacteria, that are considered Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms.

<p>Endophytic fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tree species was first replicated using somatic embryogenesis and in what decade?

<p>Santalum album was first replicated using somatic embryogenesis in the 1960s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a synthetic seed?

<p>A synthetic seed is an encapsulated propagation material that includes protection as well as supplementary nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do antioxidants like ascorbic and citric acid play in micropropagation?

<p>They prevent toxicity by counteracting the phenolic compounds released by stressed explants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process involved in haploid technology.

<p>Haploid technology involves developing a plant from pre-gametic cells into a haploid plant through the application of antimitotic agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the development of doubled haploid plants advantageous in tree breeding?

<p>Doubled haploid plants allow for quicker development by skipping multiple backcrosses needed in conventional breeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main limitations of using Arabidopsis as a model tree species?

<p>Arabidopsis lacks secondary wood production, is not a long-living organism, doesn't have a dormancy period, and has a simpler crown complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the first step in the somatic embryogenesis protocol.

<p>The first step is the initiation in vitro following explant selection and sterilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plant-growth promoting yeasts contribute to plant health?

<p>They aid in growth promotion and provide biocontrol against harmful fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the domestication of tree species is vital for bioeconomy.

<p>Domestication enhances the production of wood and derivatives, mitigates climate change, and supports ecosystem services while reducing pressure on natural forests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between somatic and zygotic embryos?

<p>Somatic embryos arise from somatic cells with the same DNA as the explant, while zygotic embryos result from the fusion of male and female gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define what is meant by an 'embling' in the context of somatic embryogenesis.

<p>An embling is a plant derived from somatic embryogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mycorrhizal fungi in plant growth?

<p>Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake for plants and improve their tolerance to environmental stresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the main steps involved in the domestication process of agroforestry trees.

<p>The main steps are exploration and collection, evaluation, tree breeding, propagation technique, germoplasm modification, germoplasm distribution, and utilization and marketing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between direct and indirect micropropagation.

<p>Direct micropropagation skips the callogenesis step, while indirect micropropagation involves callogenesis to form non-meristematic tissues before producing shoots or roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is tree cloning beneficial for conservation projects?

<p>Tree cloning helps multiply organisms while preserving their DNA, conserving genetic materials in both in situ and ex situ collections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages involved in micropropagation by axillary budding?

<p>The stages are: selection of mother donor plant, culture initiation and establishment, and shoot multiplication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is frequent subculturing important in the micropropagation process?

<p>Frequent subculturing helps to avoid the accumulation of harmful phenolic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of auxins and cytokinins during shoot multiplication in micropropagation?

<p>During shoot multiplication, the ratio of auxins to cytokinins should favor cytokinins to promote shoot development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some environmental factors that can help reduce phenolic exudates in explants?

<p>Low light intensity and optimal temperature are key factors that aid in reducing phenolic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can some rhizobacteria (PGPR) benefit in vitro plants?

<p>They can promote plant growth and enhance nutrient uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe adventitious budding in the context of micropropagation.

<p>Adventitious budding occurs when new buds form from non-meristematic tissue like internodes or leaf bases, without existing meristems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of selecting a mother donor plant in micropropagation?

<p>Selecting a quality mother donor plant is crucial as it directly impacts the health and genetic quality of the explants used for propagation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What in vitro protocol can be used to maintain genetic fidelity with respect to the mother plant?

<p>Use axillary bud or meristem culture, minimize subcultures, and control growth conditions carefully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe one method to increase genetic variability in a species using in vitro culture.

<p>Induced mutagenesis through chemical or radiation treatments can create variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is somaclonal variation and how can it occur?

<p>Somaclonal variation is the genetic variability generated via tissue culture, often occurring through callus culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significance did Taxol have in the medical field upon its discovery?

<p>Taxol, derived from <em>Taxus brevifolia</em>, became important for cancer treatment as recognized by the US National Cancer Institute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advancements were made in the production of Taxol from plant cell cultures?

<p>In 1992, production began with cell cultures, and by 2002, elicitors were used to enhance yields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two biotech products that can be derived from a callus culture.

<p>Somatic embryos and synthetic seeds are two products derived from callus culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is protoplast fusion, and why is it used in biotechnology?

<p>Protoplast fusion involves merging cells from different species to create hybrids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can in vitro selection be utilized to improve stress tolerance in plants?

<p>By applying stressors to plant cultures, variants that exhibit resistance can be selectively propagated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do growth regulators, particularly auxins, play in the induction of adventitious buds?

<p>They stimulate meristematic activity in non-meristematic cells, leading to the formation of adventitious buds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to wash and sterilize explants before inducing bud formation?

<p>Sterilization prevents contamination, which can compromise the culture and inhibit successful bud formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of acclimatizing in vitro plants before planting them in soil?

<p>Acclimatization helps plants transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy and adapt from a controlled medium to soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two factors, besides genotype, that can affect the success of in vitro culture.

<p>Explant sterilization and the choice of culture medium components significantly affect culture success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the visual characteristics of a vitrified plant, and what condition leads to this phenomenon?

<p>A vitrified plant appears glassy and translucent, which results from hyperhydricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the phenomenon of phenolic exudation and its potential impact on in vitro cultures.

<p>Phenolic exudation occurs when explants are cut and placed into a new environment, which can be toxic to the culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between axillary budding and adventitious budding in terms of stability and multiplication rates.

<p>Axillary budding is more stable and predictable, while adventitious budding can achieve higher multiplication rates but may introduce genetic variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustments must be made to light and humidity during the acclimatization process?

<p>Humidity should be progressively reduced while light intensity is increased to prepare the plants for outdoor conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Forest Biotechnology Aims

Improving natural resource recovery, ecosystem services, and sustainable tree use; using tree parts or products for various purposes, like biofuels and bioplastics.

Biotechnology Branches (Forest)

Forest biotech fits into Green (agriculture/forestry), White (biomass energy, wood/bioplastics), Grey (environmental improvement), and Red (medical/pharmaceutical) biotech.

Biotechnology Definition

Applying science and engineering to use living organisms or their parts, in natural or modified states, for various purposes.

Traditional vs. Modern Biotech

Traditional: older methods like food fermentation; Modern: newer techniques like genetic engineering, cell fusion.

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Model Plants (Trees)

Populus and Salix are preferred for tree biotechnology due to smaller genome sizes and relatively short life cycle, making transformation easier.

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Arabidopsis Limitations (Tree Biotech)

Arabidopsis, despite being a model for other plants, is not well-suited as a model for trees due to its larger genomes and longer life cycles.

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Populus and Salix advantages

Short generation time and smaller genomes of Populus and Salix trees make studying gene function easier compared to other tree species.

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Model Plant Characteristics

Small genome size, short life cycle, easy transformation, and widespread distribution are characteristics of model plants, like Arabidopsis.

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Arabidopsis limits

Arabidopsis is a useful model plant, but it lacks secondary wood production, long lifespan, dormancy, and complex crown structures, limiting direct application to trees.

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Tree domestication importance

Domestication of trees increases wood and derivate production, climate change mitigation, ecosystem service recovery, and allows for genetic, ethological, and pedoclimatic study.

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Domestication process steps

Domestication involves exploration/collection, evaluation, breeding, propagation, germoplasm alteration, distribution, and utilization for commercial use.

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Tree cloning in conservation

Tree cloning preserves genetic material in situ (natural habitats) and ex situ (managed collections) without changing DNA, enabling multiplication for conservation.

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Micropropagation (axillary)

Micropropagation, using axillary buds, involves selecting a mother plant, sterilizing the explant, planting in medium, and inducing callus formation.

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Micropropagation (adventitious)

Micropropagation from adventitious buds involves creating new buds from non-meristematic plant tissues like internodes or leaves.

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Culture initiation (micro)

Involves initial explant treatment, sterilization, and placement into growth medium for callus formation, which is important in micropropagation procedures.

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Auxin/Cytokinin ratio (shoot)

A balanced ratio of auxins to cytokinins is important for shoot multiplication in micropropagation. Excess cytokinins often lead to proliferation.

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Adventitious Budding

Formation of buds from non-meristematic plant tissue using growth regulators, especially auxins.

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In Vitro Plant Acclimatization

Adapting in vitro-grown plants to the outside environment by gradually reducing humidity and increasing light intensity.

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Explants

Pieces of plant tissue used for in vitro culture.

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Vitrification

A plant disorder characterized by a glassy appearance and usually caused by excessive water in the in-vitro cultures.

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Phenolic Exudation

Release of phenolic compounds by plant tissue, potentially harmful to in vitro plants.

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Meristematic Activity

Growth and division of plant cells responsible for creating new tissues.

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In Vitro Culture

Growing plant tissue in a controlled laboratory environment, often outside the plant's natural conditions.

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Auxins

Plant hormones that stimulate cell growth, especially the development of shoots.

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Phenolic compounds stress

Explant under stress release phenolic compounds, hindering micropropagation or causing necrosis.

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Somatic embryogenesis steps

A series of steps: explant initiation, multiplication, maturation, desiccation, germination, acclimatization, and tree culture for plant development.

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Zygotic vs. Somatic embryos

Zygotic embryos form from fertilization (egg & sperm), somatic from a different (somatic) cell, both with the same original plant's DNA..

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Embling definition

A plant grown via somatic embryogenesis.

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Indirect micropropagation

Micropropagation method involving callus formation before shoot and root development for tissues not ready to give shoots or roots directly.

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Direct micropropagation

Micropropagation method that skips the callus step for direct development of new tissues from the explant.

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PGPR in vitro plant

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria support in vitro plant growth.

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Antioxidants in culture

Adding antioxidants (like citric and ascorbic acid) to culture media mitigates phenolic compound toxicity.

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PGPR

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial soil bacteria that help plants grow better.

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Somatic Embryogenesis

A method to reproduce plants from plant cells, producing whole plants from somatic cells.

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Synthetic Seed

A seed-like structure containing a plant part and growth nutrients, in addition to protection.

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Haploid Technology

Making plants with one set of chromosomes to produce double haploids which are more efficient for genetic breeding in plants.

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Doubled Haploid Plants (Trees)

Trees with two sets of chromosomes produced quickly.

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Endophytic fungi

Fungi that live inside plant structures, improving nutrient uptake, response to stress & growth hormones in plants.

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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Bacteria that increase nitrogen availability for plants.

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Plant Growth Promoting Yeast

Yeast that promote plant growth and control harmful fungi.

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Double Haploids

A method of plant breeding creating a new generation skipping several backcrossing steps, useful for the long growth cycles of trees.

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In vitro protocol (genetic fidelity)

Methods for maintaining a plant's original genetic material during tissue culture, using axillary buds and direct organogenesis, minimizing sub-cultures and controlling growth conditions.

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Somaclonal variation

Genetic variations that occur during plant tissue culture, typically by promoting callus cultures.

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Taxol production (in vitro)

Taxol, a valuable medicine, was initially extracted from the plant, but in vitro techniques (cell cultures) were developed to enhance production, initially using plant cell suspensions, then integrating elicitors, reaching a significant production level.

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Callus culture products

Callus cultures can produce various useful materials, including somatic embryos, synthetic seeds, micropropagated plants, metabolites, and new plant varieties.

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Induced mutations

Using chemicals or radiation to create desired mutations in a plant's genes.

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Protoplast fusion

Combining cells from different species to create new hybrids.

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Polyploidy induction

Increasing the chromosome number in a plant

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Study Notes

Forest Biotechnology Aims

  • Aims to achieve sustainable development goals through bioeconomy systems.
  • Improves ecosystem services and uses tree parts/products more sustainably.
  • Uses technologies to efficiently utilize tree species (cells, tissues, organs or products like primary/secondary metabolites).

Biotechnology Definition & Types

  • Biotechnology applies science and engineering to utilize living organisms, their parts, or products.
  • Traditional biotechnology has been used for centuries (e.g., food fermentation).
  • Modern biotechnology includes newer techniques like genetic engineering and cell fusion.
  • Modern biotechnology began around 1973 with recombinant DNA.

Model Plants for Tree Biotechnology

  • Arabidopsis thaliana is a good model for herbaceous plants due to small genome size, fast life cycle, transformability, and wide distribution.
  • Populus and Salix (trees) are preferable models for biotechnology due to their smaller genomes (450-550 Mbp).

Disadvantages of Arabidopsis for Biotech Trees

  • Arabidopsis lacks secondary wood production.
  • It isn't a long-lived organism.
  • It lacks a dormancy period.
  • It has lower crown complexity.

Domestication Importance in Bioeconomy

  • Bioeconomy utilizes renewable resources for food, materials, and energy.
  • Domestication enhances wood and derivative production.
  • It helps mitigate climate change, recover ecosystem services, and reduce pressure on natural forests.
  • It allows for genetic, ecological, and pedoclimatic studies on different species.

Domestication Process Steps

  • Exploration and collection of species.
  • Evaluation of traits.
  • Tree breeding.
  • Propagation techniques.
  • Germoplasm modification.
  • Germoplasm distribution.
  • Utilization and marketing.

Tree Cloning in Conservation

  • Cloning preserves genetic material in both situ and ex situ (outside natural habitat) collections.
  • Preserves genetic diversity.

Micropropagation by Axillary Budding

  • Selecting a suitable mother plant and explant.
  • Sterilizing the explant (e.g., 20-minute wash, 1-2% sodium hypochlorite or 0.1% mercuric chloride, and distilled water rinse)
  • Culture initiation and establishment.
  • Shoot multiplication (balancing auxins and cytokinins).

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Forest Biotechnology Exam Q&A PDF

Description

Explore the key concepts of forest biotechnology and its role in achieving sustainable development goals. This quiz covers the definitions, types of biotechnology, and model plants used in tree biotechnology. Learn how these technologies can improve ecosystem services and utilize tree resources more efficiently.

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