Forest Biotechnology Overview

The main aims of Forest Biotechnology include recovering and maintaining natural resources, improving ecosystem services, and using tree species more efficiently and sustainably.

Forest Biotechnology can be associated with Green, White, Grey, and Red Biotechnologies.

Biotechnology applies science and engineering to utilize living organisms, or their parts and products in both natural and modified forms.

<p>Modern biotechnology involves newer applications like genetic engineering and in vitro cultures, while traditional biotechnology refers to long-established techniques like fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ideal model plant for tree biotechnology has a small genome size, a fast life cycle, and is easily transformable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Populus and Salix are preferred due to their smaller genomes and better adaptability for tree studies compared to Arabidopsis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant drawback is that Arabidopsis has a much shorter life cycle and smaller genome, making it less representative of tree biotechnology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pivotal moment was in 1973 when Boyer and Cohen created the first recombinant DNA organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PGPR enhance plant vigor, improve rooting, reduce chemical fertilization needs, promote acclimatization, and assist in disease prevention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endophytic fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Santalum album was first replicated using somatic embryogenesis in the 1960s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A synthetic seed is an encapsulated propagation material that includes protection as well as supplementary nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent toxicity by counteracting the phenolic compounds released by stressed explants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haploid technology involves developing a plant from pre-gametic cells into a haploid plant through the application of antimitotic agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doubled haploid plants allow for quicker development by skipping multiple backcrosses needed in conventional breeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arabidopsis lacks secondary wood production, is not a long-living organism, doesn't have a dormancy period, and has a simpler crown complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first step is the initiation in vitro following explant selection and sterilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They aid in growth promotion and provide biocontrol against harmful fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Domestication enhances the production of wood and derivatives, mitigates climate change, and supports ecosystem services while reducing pressure on natural forests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic embryos arise from somatic cells with the same DNA as the explant, while zygotic embryos result from the fusion of male and female gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An embling is a plant derived from somatic embryogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake for plants and improve their tolerance to environmental stresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main steps are exploration and collection, evaluation, tree breeding, propagation technique, germoplasm modification, germoplasm distribution, and utilization and marketing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct micropropagation skips the callogenesis step, while indirect micropropagation involves callogenesis to form non-meristematic tissues before producing shoots or roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tree cloning helps multiply organisms while preserving their DNA, conserving genetic materials in both in situ and ex situ collections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stages are: selection of mother donor plant, culture initiation and establishment, and shoot multiplication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent subculturing helps to avoid the accumulation of harmful phenolic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During shoot multiplication, the ratio of auxins to cytokinins should favor cytokinins to promote shoot development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low light intensity and optimal temperature are key factors that aid in reducing phenolic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can promote plant growth and enhance nutrient uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adventitious budding occurs when new buds form from non-meristematic tissue like internodes or leaf bases, without existing meristems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selecting a quality mother donor plant is crucial as it directly impacts the health and genetic quality of the explants used for propagation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use axillary bud or meristem culture, minimize subcultures, and control growth conditions carefully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induced mutagenesis through chemical or radiation treatments can create variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somaclonal variation is the genetic variability generated via tissue culture, often occurring through callus culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taxol, derived from <em>Taxus brevifolia</em>, became important for cancer treatment as recognized by the US National Cancer Institute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 1992, production began with cell cultures, and by 2002, elicitors were used to enhance yields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic embryos and synthetic seeds are two products derived from callus culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protoplast fusion involves merging cells from different species to create hybrids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By applying stressors to plant cultures, variants that exhibit resistance can be selectively propagated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stimulate meristematic activity in non-meristematic cells, leading to the formation of adventitious buds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterilization prevents contamination, which can compromise the culture and inhibit successful bud formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acclimatization helps plants transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy and adapt from a controlled medium to soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explant sterilization and the choice of culture medium components significantly affect culture success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A vitrified plant appears glassy and translucent, which results from hyperhydricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenolic exudation occurs when explants are cut and placed into a new environment, which can be toxic to the culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axillary budding is more stable and predictable, while adventitious budding can achieve higher multiplication rates but may introduce genetic variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humidity should be progressively reduced while light intensity is increased to prepare the plants for outdoor conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers