Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the plasmids in Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

  • To produce toxins that kill insects
  • To enhance the growth rate of plants
  • To integrate desired DNA into the plant genome (correct)
  • To prevent fungal infections in crops

How does the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin affect insects that consume it?

  • It must be activated in their intestines to be lethal (correct)
  • It enhances their growth before ultimately killing them
  • It causes immediate paralysis
  • It triggers a feeding frenzy before death

What was a significant drawback of the FlavrSavr Tomato that affected its market success?

  • Problems related to maintaining and shipping the crop (correct)
  • Negative public perception of GMOs
  • Inability to resist pests
  • High production costs

What best defines genomics?

<p>The study of entire genomes and their interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology has significantly contributed to advances in the field of genomics?

<p>DNA sequencing technology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential concern regarding the use of Bt toxin in agriculture?

<p>Insects may evolve resistance to the toxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the outcomes of the genetic modification of the FlavrSavr Tomato?

<p>Improved flavor and increased shelf life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an application of proteomics?

<p>Determining nucleotide sequences of DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of genomic mapping?

<p>To provide a detailed layout of genetic data for research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool simplifies the data mining process associated with genomic mapping?

<p>Genome Viewer Tool (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does whole genome sequencing function in medical research?

<p>By determining the DNA sequence of an entire genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant outcome resulted from using whole genome sequencing in a medical case?

<p>Revealing a defect in a pathway controlling apoptosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What it the role of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in genomic mapping?

<p>To store and make genomic data accessible to researchers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism's genomes were sequenced first?

<p>Viruses and bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whole genome sequencing is described as what type of approach to problem-solving?

<p>A comprehensive and exhaustive approach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of ongoing genomic mapping efforts?

<p>An ongoing and evolving process with advancements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using genome-wide association studies (GWAS)?

<p>To identify differences in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does using a patient’s own edited cells increase the likelihood of treatment success?

<p>It enhances the body's acceptance of the cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge of identifying genes involved in complex diseases using family history?

<p>Complex diseases may involve many genetic changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key feature of SNP groups aids in genetic association studies?

<p>They tend to remain together through recombination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of individuals typically required in a GWAS for effective results?

<p>1000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one ethical concern associated with gene editing technologies like CRISPR?

<p>They may cause unintentional genetic changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it easier to identify SNPs in individuals who have not had their complete genome sequenced?

<p>Marker SNPs require less analysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the International HapMap Project play in genomic studies?

<p>It sequenced genomes and identified groups of SNPs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might gene signatures not provide completely accurate information?

<p>Microorganisms adapt their gene expression quickly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes metagenomics?

<p>It analyzes the genomes of multiple species within a niche. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major advantage of metagenomics over traditional microbiology?

<p>It allows rapid identification of new species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can knowledge of microbial genomics contribute to biofuel production?

<p>By providing new enzymes and organic compounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does traditional microbiology face according to the content?

<p>It fails to account for microbial communities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which energy source is currently the most dominant according to the information provided?

<p>Wood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in studying microorganisms traditionally?

<p>They exist predominantly in microbial communities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential role do microorganisms play in the development of renewable energy?

<p>They are largely unexplored genetic resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of diseases in developed countries is attributed to defects?

<p>5 percent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes diseases like heart disease in relation to genetics?

<p>Multifactorial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic editing technology allows precise alterations in DNA?

<p>CRISPR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the CRISPR gene editing method in 2012?

<p>Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk did Stephen Quake have according to his genome analysis?

<p>Sudden heart attack (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specifically does CRISPR target in DNA?

<p>Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern arises from genomic analysis at the population level?

<p>Insurance pricing and credit rating impacts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the advancement of gene editing techniques like CRISPR?

<p>Greater understanding of diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of mitochondrial DNA in multicellular organisms?

<p>It is passed on from the mother during fertilization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has genomic analysis been applied in forensic science since 2001?

<p>It has proven effective in analyzing anthrax cases related to the US Postal Service. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does genomics play in agriculture?

<p>It can enhance crop yields by linking traits to genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the genomic investigation into the anthrax mailings?

<p>It pinpointed a specific strain and traced it to a scientist. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is mitochondrial genomics particularly useful for tracing genealogy?

<p>It mutates more frequently than nuclear DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been one of the main benefits of using genomics in scientific research?

<p>It can reduce trials and failures in research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of mitochondrial DNA makes it useful for evolutionary studies?

<p>It mutates at a rapid rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant early application of genomics in forensic analysis?

<p>Solving cases involving anthrax threats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Genomics

The study of entire genomes, including all genes, their sequence, organization, and interactions within and between species.

Whole Genome Sequencing

Determining the complete order of nucleotides in an organism's entire genome.

Bt toxin

Bacterial protein crystal toxic to specific insects, used as a natural insecticide.

GM crop

A genetically modified crop developed using biotechnology techniques.

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Flavr Savr Tomato

First genetically modified crop, engineered to have increased shelf life and adjusted flavor.

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Plasmid

Small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that can replicate independently and carry genes.

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Genetic Modification

Altering an organism's DNA using biotechnology techniques, often to improve traits.

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Proteomics

The study of the entire protein set of an organism.

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Genome Mapping

A process of organizing and analyzing the genetic information of an organism.

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Central Databases

Databases that store and organize genomic information from different laboratories worldwide.

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OMIM

An online catalog of human genes and genetic disorders.

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Genetic Disorder

A disease caused by an abnormality or mutation in an individual's genes.

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Apoptosis

A crucial process of programmed cell death in organisms.

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Genome Viewer Tool

Tools within central databases to simplify the process of analyzing genomic data.

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Model Organisms

Organisms used in research, often smaller in size or simpler in genetics, to understand biological processes similar to humans or other organisms.

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Multifactorial diseases

Diseases caused by multiple genes and environmental factors.

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Genome analysis

Studying an organism's complete set of DNA.

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Risk assessment (genomics)

Estimating the likelihood of developing a disease based on genetic information.

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Gene editing (CRISPR)

Precisely altering an organism's DNA using CRISPR technology.

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CRISPR-Cas9

A gene-editing tool that precisely targets and cuts DNA.

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Guide RNA

A synthetic component that directs CRISPR-Cas9 to a specific DNA location.

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Ethical concerns (genomics)

Questions about the responsible use of genomic data, for example using these data to make unfair decisions in healthcare or finance.

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Polygenic

Involving multiple genes.

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Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS)

A method to find gene variations (SNPs) linked to diseases.

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

A variation in a single DNA building block.

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International HapMap Project

A genetic database of SNPs from different people worldwide.

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Marker SNP

A SNP used to identify a group of nearby SNPs.

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Gene Editing (in medicine)

Removing cancerous cells, fixing their DNA, and reintroducing healthy cells back into the patient.

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Ethical Issues with gene editing

Concerns regarding the use of gene editing techniques.

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Confounding Variables

Factors that can create differences between groups being studied.

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GWAS Study Design

Choosing groups of people with or without diseases (and matching groups in other traits).

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What is metagenomics?

The study of the collective genomes of multiple species in an environmental niche.

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Why is pure culture not always the best?

Many microorganisms don't live in isolation but in communities called biofilms. Pure cultures can alter gene expression.

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Metagenomics Applications

Metagenomics can identify new species, analyze how pollutants affect the environment, and even study fish communities.

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Why is biofuel development important?

We need renewable energy sources to meet growing energy demands. Biofuels from algae and cyanobacteria are promising.

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What are biofuels?

Fuels derived from renewable organic matter like algae and cyanobacteria, as opposed to fossil fuels.

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Microorganisms as a resource

The microbial world offers a vast untapped resource of genes for new enzymes and production of organic compounds.

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What is the main source of energy today?

Coal, oil, wood, and other plant products like ethanol are currently the primary sources of fuel.

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Why do we need to find new energy sources?

The current fuels are not renewable and may not be sustainable to meet increasing energy demands.

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Mitochondrial DNA

DNA found within mitochondria, organelles responsible for cellular energy production. It mutates rapidly and is often used to study evolutionary relationships.

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Mitochondrial Genomics

The study of mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited maternally and used to trace genealogy.

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Forensic Genomics

Using genomic analysis to solve crimes, like identifying the source of anthrax in the mailings.

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Anthrax Attack

A bioterrorism attack using anthrax bacteria, which were mailed to news media and U.S. Senators in 2001.

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Genomics in Agriculture

Using genomic data to improve crop breeding and create hybrids with desirable traits.

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Genomic Data for Traits

Using genomic information to identify desirable traits in crops, such as high yield or disease resistance.

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Hybrid Crops

Crops created by combining the best traits from different parent plants, often through genetic modification.

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Study Notes

Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture

  • Transgenic organisms, like mice, produce proteins to be used in humans, and crops are modified to have desirable traits, like disease resistance.
  • Transgenic plants, a type of genetically modified organism (GMO), receive DNA from different species.
  • GMOs are carefully monitored to ensure they are safe for consumption and don't harm other living things.
  • Plants are a major food source for humans; farmers have been selecting desirable traits in plants for a long time.
  • Biotechnology techniques have enabled the creation of crops with improved nutrition, resistance to diseases and pests, and longer shelf life.

Transgenic Plants

  • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are created by manipulating plant DNA.
  • These GMOs offer desirable traits like disease resistance, pest resistance, and improved nutritional value.
  • Bt toxin from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium is used as a natural insecticide.
  • The FlavrSavr tomato, an early GMO, was created to have extended shelf life.

Genomics and Proteomics

  • Genomics studies entire genomes, including genes, their sequences, and interactions.
  • Whole genome sequencing provides comprehensive DNA sequence information.
  • Genetic mapping identifies gene locations on chromosomes.
  • Physical mapping details the physical distance between genes.
  • Genome mapping helps understand disease-causing genes and develop treatments.

Whole Genome Sequencing

  • Whole genome sequencing determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome.
  • It's used to analyze diseases with a genetic basis.
  • It's used in medicine to diagnose and treat diseases.
  • This process has helped in identifying a genetic basis for a medical issue that resulted in the successful treatment of a young boy.

Applying Genomics

  • Genome analysis can predict an individual's risk for disease.
  • Lifestyle changes and drugs can intervene before disease onset.
  • Disease analysis may involve identifying single gene defects or multiple genes.
  • Genomics has been applied in the medical field to develop personalized treatments and strategies for disease prediction.

Gene Editing, Pharmacogenomics, and Metagenomics

  • CRISPR gene editing allows for precise alterations of DNA.
  • Pharmacogenomics uses genomic information to personalize drug selection.
  • Metagenomics studies the collective genomes of organisms within an environment.
  • Researchers now use genomic information for various medical needs and applications.

Mitochondrial Genomics and Forensic Analysis

  • Mitochondrial DNA, inherited maternally, is useful for tracing ancestry and solving crimes.
  • Genomic and analysis tools have helped in solving crimes cases.
  • Linking specific traits and diseases to genomic information has become useful.

Genomics in Agriculture

  • Improving crop quality and quantity using genomics.
  • Gene-trait linkages are used to improve crop quality.
  • Genomic data is used to identify desirable plant traits and transfer them to other organisms.
  • Making crops more resistant to environmental factors is an important objective.

Proteomics

  • Proteomics studies the complete set of proteins in a cell or organism.
  • It complements genomics and helps understand function and disease.
  • Predicting disease, understanding cancer, and predicting disease recurrences are applications of this area.
  • Protein signatures are a useful tool for diagnosing and treating cancer.

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Chapter 10b Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of biotechnology with an emphasis on transgenic organisms, their application in medicine and agriculture, and the creation of genetically modified crops. Understand how these innovations enhance food production, improve nutritional content, and ensure safety in consumption. This quiz will test your knowledge of the key concepts and processes related to GMOs.

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