Biotechnology Chapter 10 Quiz

Gel Electrophoresis: Separates DNA fragments by size using electric current; smaller fragments migrate faster through the gel matrix.
Cloning: Involves creating genetically identical copies of DNA sequences, cells, or organisms.
Recombinant DNA Technology: Combines DNA from different sources into a single molecule to generate new genetic combinations.
Gene Therapy: Inserts, alters, or removes genes within an individual's cells for disease treatment or prevention.
Vaccines: Biological preparations that confer immunity against diseases, often made from inactivated or weakened pathogens.

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection: Organisms more suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, driving species evolution.
Pre-zygotic Factors: Barriers preventing fertilization between different species, including temporal, ecological, behavioral, and mechanical isolation.
Post-zygotic Factors: Barriers that occur after fertilization, resulting in reduced viability or fertility of hybrid offspring.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Principle stating allele frequencies in a population remain stable from generation to generation without evolutionary influences.
Eukaryote First Hypothesis: Suggests eukaryotic cells evolved before acquiring specialized functions like photosynthesis.
Endosymbiotic Theory: Proposes that eukaryotic cells originated through symbiotic relationships among early prokaryotes, leading to organelle formation.

Endotherms: Animals regulating body temperature internally through metabolic processes rather than relying on environmental heat.
Regulation of Body Temperature: Involves mechanisms like sweating, shivering, and blood flow adjustments to maintain internal temperatures.
Epithelial Cells: Protective outer layer cells of the body, lining internal organs, involved in protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.
Nitrogenous Wastes and Carbon Dioxide: Waste products from metabolism; nitrogenous wastes are excreted by the excretory system, carbon dioxide by the respiratory system.
Functions of Tissues and Organs: Tissues are collections of similar cells for specific functions; organs are structures made of various tissues cooperating for complex functions.
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems: Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste; the circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels, while the respiratory system involves lungs and airways.
Blood Flow through the Heart: Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, pumped to the lungs for oxygenation, and returns to the left atrium before being pumped to the body.

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction: Asexual reproduction involves one parent producing identical offspring; sexual reproduction requires two parents contributing genetics for diversity.
Internal and External Fertilization: Internal fertilization occurs within the body (e.g., mammals); external fertilization happens outside, typically in water (e.g., many fish).
Implantation of Human Embryo: The fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall, marking the start of pregnancy.

Global Warming: Long-term rise in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities, particularly greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide.
Biodiversity: The variety of life forms in a habitat or ecosystem, encompassing species diversity, genetic variation, and ecosystem variety.