Biosafety and Infectious Agents Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of a biological safety cabinet (BSC)?

  • To enhance laboratory aesthetics
  • To provide containment of infectious droplets or aerosols (correct)
  • To allow open air transfer of materials
  • To serve as a general workspace for all laboratory procedures

    • Which type of biological safety cabinet provides the highest level of protection to personnel and the environment?

  • Class III BSC (correct)
  • Class I BSC
  • Open-fronted BSC
  • Class II BSC

    • When standard laboratory practices are not sufficient, who is responsible for selecting additional safety practices?

  • Laboratory director (correct)
  • Laboratory technicians
  • Research assistants
  • Biosafety professionals

    • What is an example of a primary barrier used to minimize aerosol hazards during centrifugation?

    <p>Enclosed centrifuge cup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a scientist handling infectious agents to consult with health and safety professionals?

    <p>To conduct proper risk assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are personal protective equipment (PPE) examples that might be used in a laboratory setting?

    <p>Safety goggles and lab coats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of risk assessment in laboratory safety?

    <p>To identify hazards and determine corresponding safety measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of laboratory design is crucial in supplementing safety practices?

    <p>Implementing appropriate facility design and engineering features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the yield advantage of Bollgard®II over conventional cotton in 2009?

    <p>18.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did the national benefit from biotech cotton equate to in 2012?

    <p>US$30 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cotton hectares in Burkina Faso were planted with Bt cotton by 2012?

    <p>51%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reduction in insecticide sprays when using Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton in 2011?

    <p>2 sprays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Egypt first plant biotech crops?

    <p>2008</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total area planted with Bt cotton in Burkina Faso in 2013?

    <p>474,229 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hectares of conventional maize did Egypt grow in 2010?

    <p>660,000 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the maximum yield increase potential for Bt yellow maize over conventional varieties according to field trials in Egypt?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of expressing Bt genes in plants compared to traditional insecticide spraying?

    <p>Insects cannot escape the toxin by hiding in the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pest specifically benefits from the targeted expression of Bt genes in roots?

    <p>Corn rootworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Syngenta increase the levels of Cry protein in maize plants during their development?

    <p>By modifying the original microbial codons to maize-specific ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the method employed to introduce modified Bt genes into elite-inbred maize lines?

    <p>Using particle bombardment of immature zygotic embryos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant change made to the native Bt gene to enhance its effectiveness?

    <p>Truncating the gene to synthesize only the toxin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year did Syngenta release its first maize hybrids with the modified Bt gene in the United States?

    <p>1996</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total soluble protein did Bt protein levels reach in maize plants after modification?

    <p>0.1% to 0.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was demonstrated in preliminary trials conducted in 1992 regarding Bt maize?

    <p>There was substantial reduction in tunneling and leaf feeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of deforestation?

    <p>Agricultural development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of African forested land was converted to agricultural land between 1981 and 1990?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of degradation?

    <p>Natural regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does fragmentation have on ecosystems?

    <p>Reduces species diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is desertification primarily attributed to?

    <p>Drought and overuse of ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major global threat to biodiversity apart from habitat loss?

    <p>Pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have some African governments attempted to mitigate deforestation?

    <p>By initiating tree planting and ecosystem preservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes degradation?

    <p>Deterioration of vegetation density or structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major focus of the studies by Brookes and Barfoot regarding genetically modified crops?

    <p>The income and production effects of GM crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetically modified crop is highlighted in the studies as having a significant impact on smallholder farmers in South Africa?

    <p>Bt Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of biotechnology is assessed by the IPCC report mentioned?

    <p>Environmental risks and climate change adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key benefit of Bt white maize in South Africa is highlighted in the content?

    <p>Reduction in pesticide use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a focus area of research in agricultural biotechnology in Africa?

    <p>Nutritional enhancement of staple crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific environmental issue is associated with genetically engineered crops according to the chapter?

    <p>Loss of biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did the ISAAA release a brief on the global status of commercialized biotech crops that is referenced in the content?

    <p>2012</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of pests is addressed in the environmental entomology study mentioned in the content?

    <p>Lepidoptera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biosafety and Infectious Agents

    • A trained scientist must be responsible for handling infectious agents and materials.
    • This scientist should consult with biosafety professionals for risk assessments.
    • Standard laboratory practices are not always enough to control hazards.
    • Laboratory directors determine additional safety practices that must be suitable for the specific agent or procedure.
    • Facility design, engineering features, safety equipment, and management practices are critical for supplementing safety practices and techniques.

    Safety Equipment

    • Biological safety cabinets (BSCs), such as Class I, II, and III, are containment devices used for infectious droplet or aerosol control during microbiological procedures.
    • Class I and II BSCs act as primary barriers, protecting personnel and the environment.
    • Class II BSCs also protect the materials being manipulated inside the cabinet from external contamination.
    • Class III BSCs provide the highest level of protection for personnel and the environment.
    • Other containment tools include safety centrifuge cups for minimizing aerosol hazards during centrifugation.
    • Personal protective equipment, such as gloves, coats, gowns, shoe covers, boots, respirators, face shields, safety glasses, or goggles, can also be used.

    Bt Gene Expression in Crops

    • Bt genes are incorporated into crops to control insects by expressing Bt toxin within plant tissue.
    • The Bt toxin is continuously present in the plant, only consumed by insects when they feed on the plant tissue.
    • This is a more effective approach than intermittent spraying.
    • The expression of Bt genes can be targeted to specific tissues to prevent unwanted metabolic costs in other parts of the plant.

    Genetically Modified Maize

    • CIBA GEIGY (later Novartis Seeds and Syngenta) developed commercial maize hybrids containing a Bt gene for controlling European corn borer.
    • Syngenta scientists modified the Bt gene to increase Cry protein levels in the maize plants.
    • This was done by truncating the protoxin gene and replacing microbial codons with those commonly used for maize proteins.
    • This resulted in a significant increase in Bt protein levels, exceeding previous levels.
    • Field trials demonstrated a commercially feasible reduction in yield losses due to borer infestation.

    Bt Cotton Adoption in Burkina Faso

    • About 100,000 Bt cotton farmers were present in 2012, with a majority being small-holder resource-poor farmers.
    • Burkina Faso started planting Bt cotton in 2008, with a rapid increase in acreage from 9,000 ha in 2008 to 474,229 ha in 2013.
    • The adoption rate of Bt cotton in Burkina Faso increased from 2% in 2008 to 51% in 2012.

    Economic Benefits of Bollgard®II Cotton in Burkina Faso

    • A 2009 survey showed a yield advantage of 18.9% for Bollgard®II compared to conventional cotton.
    • Yield increase and insecticide savings resulted in a $65.57/ha gain, representing a 206% increase in cotton income.
    • The primary benefit of Bollgard®II arises from yield increase, offsetting the higher seed cost compared to conventional cotton.
    • National benefits from biotech cotton in 2012 were estimated at $30 million, based on 2011 data.

    Bt Cotton in Egypt

    • Egypt planted 1,000 ha of Bt yellow maize (IR MON 810) in 2012, down from 2,800 ha in 2011.
    • In 2013, Egypt did not grow GM maize due to a temporary restriction imposed by the government.
    • Egypt was the first North African state to adopt biotech crops, planting Bt maize in 2008 on 700 ha.

    Biotech Maize in Egypt

    • Egypt cultivated approximately 660,000 hectares of conventional maize in 2010, importing 4.5 million tons of yellow maize annually (valued at US$1.3 billion).
    • Of the 660,000 ha, 160,000 ha (25%) were yellow maize and 500,000 ha were white maize.
    • The biotech maize hybrid (Bt) is resistant to three maize insect pest borers.

    Biotech Maize Yield in Egypt

    • Field trials in Egypt (2002-2007) showed that Bt yellow maize yield could be increased up to 30% over conventional hybrids.

    Environmental Biosafety Issues with GE Crops in Africa

    • Africa boasts abundant and diverse biological resources.
    • Deforestation, driven by agricultural needs, wood demand, and settlement expansion, has resulted in a significant loss of forest land.
    • Desertification, degradation, and fragmentation of natural ecosystems are also significant concerns, contributing to biodiversity loss.
    • Pollution and invading species pose additional threats to biodiversity.
    • The primary question for African governments is how to reverse biodiversity loss resulting from habitat destruction.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on biosafety protocols and safety equipment used while handling infectious agents. This quiz covers key concepts such as the role of trained scientists, safety cabinets, and essential management practices for laboratory safety. Explore the importance of facility design and risk assessment in ensuring a secure laboratory environment.

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