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Questions and Answers
What type of bonds have a ΔG value of approximately -8 to -30 kJ/mol, and play a critical role in macromolecular structure integrity?
Hydrogen bonds
Which type of weak interaction is responsible for the attraction between two ions of opposite charge?
Ionic bonds
What is the approximate ΔG value of van der Waals forces, and what is their role in biological systems?
ΔG ≈ -3 to -4 kJ/mol; they contribute to the stability of macromolecular structures
What type of interaction is responsible for the insolubility of lipids in water?
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What is the main function of polysaccharides in cells?
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What is the role of nucleic acids in biological systems?
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What is the role of proteins in cells?
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What is the general molecular weight range of biomolecules?
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What is the primary reason why carbon is the fundamental element of biomolecules?
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What type of interaction is responsible for the attraction between two molecules with a slight positive charge on one atom and a slight negative charge on another atom?
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What is the term for the attractive interactions between two non-polar molecules or groups of molecules?
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What is the term for molecules that have the same chemical formula and bonding pattern but differ in their three-dimensional arrangement of atoms?
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What is the term for the attractive interactions between two molecules with opposite charges?
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What is the term for the interaction between a non-polar molecule and water?
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What is the term for the attractive interactions between a non-polar molecule and a polar molecule?
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What is the term for the interaction between two molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents?
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What is the molecular weight range of individual lipid molecules, and are they considered macromolecules?
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What is the key difference between configurational isomers and conformational isomers?
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What is the minimum number of chiral carbons required to produce two stereoisomers?
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What is the term for a pair of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other?
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What is the term for a pair of stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other?
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What is the term for an equimolar solution of two enantiomers that shows no optical rotation?
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What type of isomerism occurs due to the presence of double bonds in a molecule?
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What is the term for a carbon atom with four different substituent groups?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules contain various functional groups such as:
- Alcohols (hydroxyl groups)
- Amines (amino groups)
- Aldehydes and ketones (carbonyl groups)
- Carboxylic acids (carboxyl groups)
- Many biomolecules are polyfunctional, containing two or more types of functional groups
Biomolecules: Size
- Biomolecules can be classified into two categories based on their size:
- Small molecules (Mr ≈ 100 to 500)
- Macromolecules (Mr > 500)
Weak Interactions
- Weak chemical interactions play a critical role in macromolecular structure integrity
- Types of weak interactions:
- Hydrogen bonds (ΔG ≈ -8 to -30 kJ/mol)
- Ionic bonds (ΔG ≈ -20 to -30 kJ/mol)
- Van der Waals force (ΔG ≈ -3 to -4 kJ/mol)
- Hydrophobic interactions
Macromolecules
- Proteins:
- Long polymers of amino acids
- Constitute the largest fraction of cells (besides water)
- Serve as enzymes, structural elements, signal receptors, or transporters
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA):
- Polymers of nucleotides
- Store and transmit genetic information
- Some RNA molecules have structural and catalytic roles
- Polysaccharides:
- Polymers of simple sugars (e.g., glucose)
- Three major functions:
- Energy-rich fuel stores
- Rigid structural components of cell walls (in plants and bacteria)
- Extracellular recognition elements
- Lipids:
- Water-insoluble hydrocarbon derivatives
- Structural components of membranes
- Energy-rich fuel stores
- Pigments
- Intracellular signals
- Can associate noncovalently into large structures (cell membranes)
Stereoisomerism
- Stereoisomers:
- Molecules with the same chemical structures/bonds but different stereochemistry
- Different three-dimensional orientations
- Types of stereoisomers:
- Conformational isomers (rotamers)
- Configurational isomers
- Configurational isomers:
- Conferred by the presence of either:
- Double bonds (geometric isomers or cis-trans isomers)
- Chiral centers (optical isomers)
- Conferred by the presence of either:
- Chiral centers:
- A carbon atom with four different substituent groups
- A single chiral carbon can lead to two stereoisomers
- Two or more chiral carbons can lead to 2^n stereoisomers
- Enantiomers:
- Pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other
- Diastereomers:
- Pairs of stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of biomolecules, including their functional groups, size classification, and weak interactions. Learn about the different types of biomolecules and their characteristics.
