Biomolecules and Their Classification
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Questions and Answers

Which type of isomerism involves compounds having the same structural formula but differing in spatial configuration?

  • Anomerism
  • Stereoisomerism (correct)
  • Optical Activity
  • Diastereoisomers

    • Carbohydrates act as energy reserves, stores fuels, and metabolic intermediates. Ribose and deoxyribose sugars form the structural frame of the genetic material, RNA and DNA. Polysaccharides like cellulose are the structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants. Carbohydrates are linked to proteins and lipids that play important roles in cell interactions. Carbohydrates are organic compounds; they are aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups. What are the three types of structural representations of carbohydrates?

    Open chain structure, Hemi-acetal structure, Haworth structure

    Carbohydrates are linked to proteins and lipids that play important roles in cell interactions. Is this statement true?

    True

    What are the two isomers of glucose with respect to the penultimate carbon atom?

    <p>D glucose and L glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecules are included in biomolecules found in living organisms?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of small molecules found in biomolecules?

    <p>Primary and secondary metabolites, natural products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates provide structural support in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biomolecules are very large molecules of many atoms, which are covalently bonded together. They include macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, and small molecules like primary and secondary metabolites and natural products.

    <p>biomolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the biomolecule function with the correct biomolecule:

    <p>Provides the body with fuel and energy, proper functioning of brain, heart, digestive system = Carbohydrates Provides structural support, body movements, defense against germs and infections = Proteins Primary purpose is energy storage, makes up structural membrane and controls flow of material = Lipids Carries genetic information in the cell, aids in synthesis of proteins through translation = Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lipids?

    <p>Water-insoluble organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of starch?

    <p>Amylose and amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyaluronic acid is a polymer of sugar acids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are relatively insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar solvents like ether, chloroform, and ____________.

    <p>methanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar molecules?

    <p>Monosaccharides have 1 sugar molecule, oligosaccharides have 2-9 sugar molecules, and polysaccharides have more than 9 sugar molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate always has a non-reducing sugar nature?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate example is a polysaccharide: Starch, Glycogen, Dextrin, ___?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbohydrate tests with their respective types:

    <p>Molisch's test = General tests Fehling's test = Tests for reducing sugars Osazone test = Special test for most sugars Hydrolysis followed by Fehling's test = Tests for non-reducing sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chief energy source in many animals?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process breaks down glucose to yield ATP?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose is stored as glycogen in animals and ______ in plants.

    <p>starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates can act as an energy source instead of proteins. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbohydrate types with their examples:

    <p>Monosaccharides = Glucose, galactose, fructose Oligosaccharides = Maltose, lactose, sucrose Polysaccharides = Starch, glycogen, cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exergonic reaction?

    <p>An exergonic reaction is a reaction that releases energy from a spontaneous chemical reaction without any concomitant utilization of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is endergonic reaction?

    <p>An endergonic reaction is a reaction that is non-spontaneous and requires an input of free energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is activation energy?

    <p>Activation energy is the energy required to start a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proteins known as?

    <p>building blocks of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are made up of nitrogen and also, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. What are proteins considered as?

    <p>Organic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins give heat and energy to the body and also aid in building and repair. Only small amounts of proteins are stored in the body as they can be used up quickly on demand. Proteins are considered as the ____________.

    <p>bricks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins exhibit Tyndall effect. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of proteins?

    <p>Linear sequence of amino acids forming the backbone of proteins (polypeptides)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the secondary structure of proteins?

    <p>Spacial arrangement of protein by twisting of the polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

    <p>Three dimensional structure of a functional protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

    <p>The spacial arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains referred to as subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which forces act to hold the polypeptide chain in the tertiary structure of proteins? Select all that apply.

    <p>Van der Waals Forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some functions of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>Muscle structure, hormone regulation, enzyme catalysis, antibody protection, transport, and contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of simple lipids?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lipids in the body?

    <p>Lipids provide food rich in calorific value, serve as a food reserve, are a structural component of the cell membrane, provide heat insulation, aid in the absorption and transportation of fatty acids, and are involved in hormone synthesis and vitamin carrying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids play a role in transporting fat-soluble vitamins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phospholipids play an important role in the absorption and transportation of __________ acids.

    <p>fatty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lipid functions with their descriptions:

    <p>Food material = Lipids provide food highly rich in calorific value. Food reserve = Lipids can be stored easily in the body for long-term energy needs. Structural component = Lipids are essential components of cell membranes. Heat insulation = Lipids help in providing insulation especially in cold climates. Hormone synthesis = Lipids are involved in the synthesis of various hormones. Vitamin carriers = Lipids transport fat-soluble vitamins in the body. Blood cholesterol lowering = Certain lipids like stearic acid may help lower blood cholesterol levels. Antibiotic agent = Squalamine, a lipid, acts as an antibiotic and antifungal agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of structural proteins in the body?

    <p>Provide structural components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of a structural protein and mention where it is found.

    <p>Collagen is in tendons and cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of contractile proteins?

    <p>Movement of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transport proteins?

    <p>Carry essential substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for storing iron in the spleen and liver?

    <p>Ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of enzymes in the body?

    <p>Catalyzing biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hormones in regulating body functions?

    <p>Regulate body metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are involved in recognizing and destroying foreign substances?

    <p>Immunoglobulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy currency for organisms?

    <p>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In living organisms, weak bonds are broken and stronger bonds are made during energy transfer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biomolecules

    • Biomolecules are molecules that occur naturally in living organisms.
    • They include macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
    • They also include small molecules like primary and secondary metabolites and natural products.

    Classification of Biomolecules

    • Biomolecules are classified into four categories:
      • Carbohydrates
      • Lipids
      • Proteins
      • Nucleic acid

    Functions of Biomolecules

    • Carbohydrates provide fuel and energy to the body, aid in proper functioning of the brain, heart, and digestive system.
    • Proteins have specific functions, such as providing structural support, helping in body movements, and defending against germs and infections.
    • Lipids serve as energy storage, form structural membranes, and control the flow of materials in and out of cells.
    • Nucleic acids carry genetic information, help in the synthesis of proteins through translation, and mediate communication between cells.

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of only oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen.
    • They are also known as saccharides and are technically polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.
    • The empirical formula for carbohydrates is CH2O.

    Classification of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are classified into:
      • Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose)
      • Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, maltose)
      • Oligosaccharides (e.g., raffinose, stachyose)
      • Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, dextrin, cellulose)

    Characteristics of Carbohydrates

    • Monosaccharaides:
      • Have a low molecular weight
      • Are sweet in taste
      • Are soluble in water
      • Are always reducing sugars
    • Oligosaccharides:
      • Have a moderate molecular weight
      • Have a minimally sweet taste
      • Are soluble in water
      • May or may not be reducing sugars
    • Polysaccharides:
      • Have a high molecular weight
      • Are not sweet in taste
      • Are insoluble in water
      • Are always non-reducing sugars

    Tests for Carbohydrates

    • General tests:

      • Molisch's test

    • Tests for reducing sugars:

      • Fehling's test
      • Benedic's test
      • Barfoed's test
      • Trommerr's test
      • Moore's test
      • Precipitation test

    • Tests for pentose sugars:

      • Bial's orcionol test
      • Aniline acetate test
      • Phioroglucinol test

    • Tests for hexose sugars:

      • Seliwanoff's test
      • Ammonium molybdate test

    • Tests for non-reducing disaccharides:

      • Fehling's test after hydrolysis
      • Cobalt chloride test

    • Tests for non-reducing polysaccharides:

      • Iodine test
      • Tannic acid test### Properties of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates act as energy reserves, store fuels, and metabolic intermediates.

    • Ribose and deoxyribose sugars form the structural frame of the genetic material, RNA and DNA.

    • Polysaccharides like cellulose are the structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants.

    • Carbohydrates are linked to proteins and lipids that play important roles in cell interactions.

    • Carbohydrates are organic compounds; they are aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups.

    Stereoisomerism and Optical Activity

    • Stereoisomerism: Compounds having the same structural formula but differing in spatial configuration.
    • Example: Glucose has two isomers with respect to the penultimate carbon atom, i.e., D-glucose and L-glucose.
    • Optical activity: Rotation of plane-polarized light, forming (+) glucose and (-) glucose.

    Diastereo Isomers

    • Configurational changes with regard to C2, C3, or C4 in glucose.
    • Examples: Mannose, galactose.

    Anomerism

    • Spatial configuration with respect to the first carbon atom in aldoses and the second carbon atom in ketoses.
    • Example: α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose.

    Chemical Properties of Carbohydrates

    • Ozazone formation with phenylhydrazine.
    • Benedict's test.
    • Oxidation.
    • Reduction to alcohols.

    Structure of Carbohydrates

    • There are three types of structural representations of carbohydrates: open chain structure, hemi-acetal structure, and Haworth structure.
    • Types of structural representations:
      • Open chain structure.
      • Hemi-acetal structure.
      • Haworth structure.

    Functions of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are the chief energy source in many animals; they are an instant source of energy.
    • Glucose is broken down by glycolysis/Krebs cycle to yield ATP.
    • Glucose is the source of storage of energy.
    • Stored carbohydrates act as an energy source instead of proteins.
    • Carbohydrates are intermediates in biosynthesis of fats and proteins.
    • Carbohydrates aid in regulation of nerve tissue and are the energy source for the brain.

    Examples of Carbohydrates

    • Monosaccharides: Glucose, galactose, glycerose, erythrose, ribose, ribulose, fructose.
    • Oligosaccharides: Maltose, lactose, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose.
    • Polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen, cellulose, pectin, inulin, hyaluronic acid.

    Examples of Polysaccharides

    • Starch: Composed of glucose molecules (amylose and amylopectin), found in plant species as storage of reserve food.
    • Glycogen: Composed of glucose molecules, found in animals as storage of reserve food.
    • Inulin: Composed of fructose molecules, found in roots and tubers (like Dahlia) as storage of reserve food.
    • Cellulose: Composed of glucose molecules, found in plant cell walls.
    • Pectin: Composed of galactose and its derivatives, found in plant cell walls.
    • Hemi-cellulose: Composed of pentoses and sugar acids, found in plant cell walls.
    • Lignin: Composed of glucose molecules, found in plant cell walls (dead cells like sclerenchyma) and bodywall of arthropods.### Exoskeletons
    • Chitin: a polymer of glucose, found in the cell walls of some fungi and prokaryotic cells, impermeable to water.
    • Murein: a polysaccharide cross-linked with amino acids, provides structural protection in cells.
    • Hyaluronic acid: a polymer of sugar acids, found in the outer coat of mammalian cells, provides protection and connects tissue matrix.

    Lipids

    • Lipids are a heterogeneous group of water-insoluble (hydrophobic) organic molecules that can be extracted from tissues by nonpolar solvents.
    • They are a major source of energy for the body and provide the hydrophobic barrier.
    • Lipids serve additional functions in the body, such as:
      • Fat-soluble vitamins have regulatory or coenzyme functions.
      • Prostaglandins and steroid hormones play major roles in controlling the body's homeostasis.

    General Characteristics of Lipids

    • Lipids are relatively insoluble in water.
    • They are soluble in nonpolar solvents, like ether, chloroform, and methanol.
    • Lipids have high energy content and are metabolized to release calories.
    • Lipids also act as electrical insulators, insulating nerve axons.

    Fats

    • Fats contain saturated fatty acids and are solid at room temperatures.
    • Plant fats are unsaturated and are liquid at room temperatures.
    • Pure fats are colorless, have an extremely bland taste, and are sparingly soluble in water.
    • They are freely soluble in organic solvents like ether, acetone, and benzene.

    Classification of Lipids

    • Simple lipids: Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols.
      • Fats: Esters of fatty acids with glycerol (oils are fats in the liquid state).
      • Waxes: Esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols.
    • Complex lipids: Esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an alcohol and a fatty acid.
      • Phospholipids: Lipids containing a phosphoric acid residue.
      • Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids): Lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate.
    • Precursor and derived lipids: These include fatty acids, glycerol, steroids, other alcohols, fatty aldehydes, and ketone bodies.

    Biological Role of Lipids

    • Food material: Lipids provide food, highly rich in calorific value.
    • Food reserve: Lipids provide an insoluble in aqueous solutions and can be stored readily in the body as a food reserve.
    • Structural component: Lipids are an important constituent of the cell membrane.
    • Heat insulation: Fats have high insulating capacity, providing heat insulation in animals living in cold climates.
    • Fatty acid absorption: Phospholipids play an important role in the absorption and transportation of fatty acids.
    • Hormone synthesis: The sex hormones, adrenocorticoids, cholic acids, and vitamin D are all synthesized from cholesterol.
    • Vitamin carriers: Lipids act as carriers of natural fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, and E.
    • Blood cholesterol lowering: Some saturated fatty acids, like stearic acid, do not raise blood cholesterol levels.
    • Antibiotic agent: Squalamine, a steroid from shark blood, has been shown to be an antibiotic and antifungal agent of intense activity.

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    Learn about biomolecules, their classification, and functions in living organisms. Discover the roles of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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