NCERT - BIOMOLECULES - 24-25
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Questions and Answers

What color does starch-I2 turn when iodine is present?

  • Yellow
  • Green
  • Red
  • Blue (correct)

    • Cellulose can hold iodine molecules similar to starch.

    False

    What is the main component of plant cell walls?

    Cellulose

    The complex polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons is known as ______.

    <p>chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in nucleic acids?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nucleic acids with their sugar component:

    <p>DNA = Ribose RNA = Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic compound, a monosaccharide, and a phosphoric acid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of sugars found in nucleic acids?

    <p>Ribose and deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an aromatic amino acid?

    <p>Phenylalanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All amino acids are soluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two functional groups present in amino acids?

    <p>Amino group and carboxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids can be classified as either _____ or _____ based on the presence of double bonds.

    <p>saturated, unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fatty acids with their carbon count:

    <p>Palmitic acid = 16 carbons Arachidonic acid = 20 carbons Stearic acid = 18 carbons Oleic acid = 18 carbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a proteinaceous amino acid?

    <p>Palmitic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are phospholipids primarily found in?

    <p>Cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triglycerides are formed by the esterification of fatty acids with glycerol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the tertiary structure of a protein?

    <p>A three-dimensional folding of the protein chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The quaternary structure of proteins involves a single folded polypeptide chain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many subunits are present in adult human haemoglobin?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An enzyme's _____ site is where the substrate fits and reactions are catalyzed.

    <p>active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of protein structure with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary Structure = A sequence of amino acids Secondary Structure = Local folds such as alpha helices and beta sheets Tertiary Structure = Three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide Quaternary Structure = Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by 'active site' in an enzyme?

    <p>The area where the enzyme catalyzes a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Almost all enzymes are proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature is formed when individual polypeptide chains come together?

    <p>Quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a primary metabolite?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary metabolites have identifiable functions and roles in normal physiological processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a secondary metabolite.

    <p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecular weight of compounds in the acid soluble pool ranges from _____ to around 800 daltons.

    <p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following examples with their respective categories of metabolites:

    <p>Morphine = Alkaloids Rubber = Polymeric substances Vinblastin = Drugs Lemon grass oil = Essential oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of biomolecules found in the acid insoluble fraction?

    <p>They include proteins and nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxins, such as Ricin, are classified as secondary metabolites.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular weight range for lipids?

    <p>Ten thousand daltons and above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process when enzyme activity is shut off by a chemical?

    <p>Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Competitive inhibitors do not resemble the substrate in molecular structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of groups other than hydrogen between substrates.

    <p>Transferases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme succinic dehydrogenase is inhibited by a competitive inhibitor known as ______.

    <p>malonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following classes of enzymes with their functions:

    <p>Oxidoreductases = Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions Transferases = Catalyze transfer of groups between substrates Hydrolases = Catalyze hydrolysis of bonds Lyases = Catalyze removal of groups from substrates leaving double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of reactions are catalyzed by hydrolases?

    <p>Hydrolysis of bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isomerases are responsible for the removal of groups from substrates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many classes of enzymes are there, based on the text?

    <p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy difference between the stable substrate (S) and the product (P) called when it is higher than the transition state?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An exothermic reaction requires energy from outside sources to form the product.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the short-lived complex formed when an enzyme binds with a substrate?

    <p>Enzyme-substrate complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The higher energy state that substrates must go through during a reaction is called the ______.

    <p>transition state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of enzymes in a chemical reaction?

    <p>They lower activation energy barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Substrate (S) = The reactant molecule that binds to an enzyme Product (P) = The molecule that results from the enzymatic reaction Activation energy = The energy required to reach the transition state Enzyme-substrate complex (ES) = The transient complex formed during enzyme catalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All intermediate structural states between a stable substrate and product are stable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction and forms the product?

    <p>It remains unchanged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which elements are present in both living tissues and the earth's crust?

    <p>Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen in living organisms is lower than in the earth's crust.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two fractions obtained after grinding living tissue in trichloroacetic acid?

    <p>Filtrate and Retentate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process used to discover organic compounds from living tissues involves performing a chemical ______.

    <p>analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements with their percentage weight in the human body:

    <p>Hydrogen = 0.5 Carbon = 18.5 Oxygen = 65 Nitrogen = 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the filtrate obtained from the chemical analysis of living tissues?

    <p>Organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acid-soluble pool contains thousands of organic compounds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used to separate compounds from the acid-soluble pool?

    <p>Separation techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed when multiple polypeptide chains come together?

    <p>Quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids is classified as basic?

    <p>Lysine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tertiary structure is important for the biological activities of proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many subunits make up adult human haemoglobin?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All amino acids have a variable group designated as an R group.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An enzyme's active site is a ______ into which the substrate fits.

    <p>pocket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a saturated fatty acid.

    <p>Palmitic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The zwitterionic form refers to the ______ structure of amino acids in different pH solutions.

    <p>ionizable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protein structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary structure = Amino acid sequence of the protein Secondary structure = Local folding into helices or sheets Tertiary structure = Three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide Quaternary structure = Assembly of multiple polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following amino acids with their type based on R group characteristics:

    <p>Glycine = Neutral amino acid Alanine = Neutral amino acid Lysine = Basic amino acid Glutamic acid = Acidic amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the tertiary structure of a protein?

    <p>The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Almost all enzymes are ______.

    <p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about lipids?

    <p>Phospholipids contain phosphorus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribozymes are proteins that act as enzymes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids can only have one carbon chain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinguishing feature of phospholipids?

    <p>They contain phosphorus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main categories of biomolecules based on their molecular weight?

    <p>Micromolecules and macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are classified as macromolecules despite having low molecular weights.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that makes up most of the cellular mass in living organisms?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are linear chains of amino acids linked by ______.

    <p>peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biomolecules with their percentage in the total cellular mass:

    <p>Water = 70-90 Proteins = 10-15 Carbohydrates = 3 Lipids = 2 Nucleic acids = 5-7 Ions = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of biomolecule is primarily found in cell membranes?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteins in biological systems?

    <p>They serve as polypeptides that facilitate various biological functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are solely macromolecules in the context of biomolecules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the higher energy state that substrates must go through during a reaction?

    <p>Transition state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complex is formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate?

    <p>Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference in average energy content of the substrate (S) from that of the transition state is known as ______.

    <p>activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Substrate (S) = The starting material for a reaction Product (P) = The result of the enzymatic reaction Enzyme (E) = The catalyst that speeds up the reaction Activated complex (ES) = Short-lived complex during the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the energy level of the product (P) is lower than that of the substrate (S) in a reaction?

    <p>The reaction is exothermic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes raise the activation energy required for a reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed after the enzyme-substrate complex (ES) dissociates?

    <p>Products (P) and unchanged enzyme (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a metabolic pathway?

    <p>A series of chemical reactions with one or more final products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that speeds up chemical reactions by a factor of one million times.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?

    <p>The active site is where the substrate binds, allowing the enzyme to catalyze the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under anaerobic conditions in muscles, glucose is converted to _____ acid.

    <p>lactic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the enzyme activity with their corresponding conditions:

    <p>Lactic Acid = Anaerobic conditions Pyruvic Acid = Aerobic conditions Ethanol = Fermentation Carbonic Anhydrase = Catalyzes CO2 and H2O conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the transition state structure?

    <p>It is a transient structure that occurs during substrate transformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes completely change their structure when a substrate binds to the active site.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when the substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site?

    <p>An enzyme-substrate (ES) complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT typically found in living tissues?

    <p>Silicon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dry weight of a living tissue is obtained after all water has evaporated from it.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is left after burning all carbon compounds in a living tissue?

    <p>Ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inorganic elements such as sodium and calcium are represented in the ______ of living tissues.

    <p>ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following inorganic components with their formulas:

    <p>Sodium = Na+ Calcium = Ca++ Magnesium = Mg++ Water = H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is formed when carbon compounds are fully oxidized?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional groups such as aldehydes and ketones can be identified in the analysis of living tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method used to analyze the composition of living tissues?

    <p>Elemental analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet?

    <p>Essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Collagen is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one function of enzymes.

    <p>Catalyzing biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protein that fights infectious agents is known as an _______.

    <p>Antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following proteins with their primary functions:

    <p>Insulin = Hormone regulation Trypsin = Digestive enzyme Collagen = Structural support GLUT-4 = Glucose transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides serves as an energy storage molecule in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch and cellulose are both homopolymers made up of glucose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of amino acids based on dietary needs?

    <p>Essential and non-essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does carbonic anhydrase play in chemical reactions?

    <p>It speeds up reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every enzyme catalyzes multiple types of metabolic reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the complex formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme?

    <p>ES complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under anaerobic conditions in skeletal muscle, ______ is formed.

    <p>lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polysaccharide is cellulose primarily known for forming?

    <p>Plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metabolic end products with their conditions:

    <p>Lactic acid = Anaerobic conditions Pyruvic acid = Aerobic conditions Ethanol = Fermentation Glucose = Starting substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch can hold iodine molecules due to its helical structure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when glucose is converted through a metabolic pathway?

    <p>It can lead to different products based on conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes transform substrates into products by creating a stable intermediate state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an enzyme convert a substrate into a product?

    <p>The enzyme binds the substrate at its active site, forming a transition state, and then releases the product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chitin, a complex polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeletons of ______.

    <p>arthropods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their respective nucleic acids:

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid = Contains deoxyribose Ribonucleic acid = Contains ribose Adenine = Purine base Cytosine = Pyrimidine base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is classified as a pyrimidine?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribose is a pentose monosaccharide found in DNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of structure that proteins can form.

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy barrier that substrates must overcome during a reaction?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All intermediate structural states between a substrate and product are stable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complex is formed between an enzyme and substrate before the product is formed?

    <p>Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The product (P) and the unchanged enzyme dissociate after the complex known as ______.

    <p>enzyme-product complex (EP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of enzyme action:

    <p>E = Enzyme S = Substrate ES = Enzyme-substrate complex P = Product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an exothermic reaction, which statement is true about the energy level of the product compared to the substrate?

    <p>The product is at a lower energy level than the substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes increase the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied if the energy level of the product (P) is lower than that of the substrate (S)?

    <p>The reaction is exothermic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of ligases?

    <p>Catalyzing the linking together of two compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prosthetic groups are temporarily attached to apoenzymes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the protein portion of an enzyme that requires a cofactor to become active?

    <p>apoenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zinc acts as a _______ for the enzyme carboxypeptidase.

    <p>cofactor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cofactors with their descriptions:

    <p>Prosthetic group = Tightly bound to apoenzyme Co-enzyme = Transient association with apoenzyme Metal ion = Required for enzyme activity and forms coordination bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about coenzymes is correct?

    <p>They serve as cofactors in various reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The removal of a cofactor from an enzyme will not affect its catalytic activity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a coenzyme that contains a vitamin.

    <p>NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is a nucleotide?

    <p>Adenylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA and RNA are types of nucleotides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids?

    <p>Purines and pyrimidines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A molecule consisting of a nitrogen base and a sugar is called a ______.

    <p>nucleoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nitrogen bases with their corresponding type:

    <p>Adenine = Purine Uracil = Pyrimidine Guanine = Purine Cytosine = Pyrimidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered nucleosides? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Thymidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All nucleotides contain the same sugar component.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one primary function of DNA and RNA.

    <p>Storage and transmission of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which elements are typically found in higher relative abundance in living organisms compared to the earth's crust?

    <p>Carbon and Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acid-soluble pool contains fewer organic compounds than the acid-insoluble fraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of grinding living tissue in trichloroacetic acid help to analyze?

    <p>The chemical composition of organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two fractions obtained after grinding tissue in acid are called __________ and __________.

    <p>filtrate, retentate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements with their respective weight percentage in the human body:

    <p>Hydrogen = 0.5% Carbon = 18.5% Oxygen = 65% Nitrogen = 3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing living tissues to non-living matter, what can be said about the elemental composition?

    <p>All elements found in living tissues are also present in non-living matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon is present in the earth's crust at a higher percentage than in the human body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of fractions obtained after chemical analysis of living tissues?

    <p>Acid-soluble pool and acid-insoluble fraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose can form helical structures similar to starch.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a complex polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods.

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sugar component in RNA is ______.

    <p>ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Starch = Energy storage polysaccharide in plants Cellulose = Structural component of plant cell walls RNA = Contains ribose DNA = Contains deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is a pyrimidine?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acids are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the acid-insoluble fraction in living tissues?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 3-dimensional structure of a protein formed by the folding of its polypeptide chains?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The quaternary structure of a protein involves a single polypeptide chain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human haemoglobin consists of ______ subunits.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of protein structure with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary Structure = Amino acid sequence Secondary Structure = Alpha helices and beta sheets Tertiary Structure = Folding into 3D shape Quaternary Structure = Assembly of multiple polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of RNA acts as an enzyme?

    <p>Ribozymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All enzymes are proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by the folding and arrangement of individual polypeptide chains in proteins?

    <p>Quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the first amino acid in a protein structure?

    <p>N-terminal amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secondary structure of proteins can include left-handed helices.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two extreme ends of a protein structure known as?

    <p>N-terminal and C-terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ structure of proteins describes how the polypeptide folds into a helical form.

    <p>secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of protein structure involves the arrangement of the polypeptide into a helix or sheet?

    <p>Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary structure of a protein is defined by its shape and folding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is significant for maintaining the tertiary structure of proteins?

    <p>Disulphide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state called that the substrate must pass through before becoming the product?

    <p>Transition state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The energy level of the product is always lower than that of the substrate in an exothermic reaction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy difference between the stable substrate and the transition state?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complex formed between an enzyme and substrate during a reaction is known as the ______ complex.

    <p>enzyme-substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Substrate (S) = Starting material in a reaction Product (P) = Result of a chemical reaction Activation energy = Energy required to start a reaction Enzyme = Biological catalyst that speeds up reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do enzymes have on activation energy?

    <p>Decrease it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme-product complex (EP) is a long-lived structure during the catalytic process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur before a substrate can be transformed into product via an enzyme?

    <p>The substrate must bind to the active site of the enzyme to form the enzyme-substrate complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogen bases are NOT found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of nucleic acids?

    <p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenosine is a type of _______.

    <p>nucleoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nitrogenous bases with their classification:

    <p>Adenine = Purine Uracil = Pyrimidine Guanine = Purine Cytosine = Pyrimidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds are classified as nucleotides?

    <p>Adenylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All nucleotides contain a phosphate group attached to a nitrogenous base and a sugar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nucleic acids in living organisms?

    <p>Genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of amino acids?

    <p>They contain a nitrogen group and a carboxyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All amino acids that occur in proteins are of the same type.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fatty acid has no double bonds?

    <p>Saturated fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Palmitic acid contains ___ carbon atoms, including the carboxyl carbon.

    <p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the amino acid with its R group:

    <p>Glycine = Hydrogen Alanine = Methyl Serine = Hydroxymethyl Lysine = Amino group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are generally water-soluble.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the zwitterionic form of an amino acid?

    <p>The state where the amino acid has both a positive and a negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein is the most abundant in the animal world?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are polysaccharides primarily made of?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is a polymer of fructose.

    <p>Inulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions does insulin perform?

    <p>Hormonal regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of proteins with their functions:

    <p>Collagen = Structural support Trypsin = Catalyzes reactions Glucose transporters = Facilitates nutrient transport Antibodies = Immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen is a homopolymer of glucose.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left end of a polysaccharide chain is referred to as the ____ end.

    <p>non-reducing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the transition state in a chemical reaction?

    <p>It requires high activation energy to form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate?

    <p>enzyme-substrate complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference in energy content between the substrate and the transition state is referred to as ______.

    <p>activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding enzymes?

    <p>Enzymes can form a short-lived enzyme-product complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An enzyme's active site is specific to only one substrate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the catalytic cycle, the enzyme returns to its original state after producing the ______.

    <p>product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum velocity an enzyme can reach when substrate concentration increases?

    <p>Vmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes can function effectively outside a narrow range of temperature and pH.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to enzyme activity at low temperatures?

    <p>Enzyme becomes temporarily inactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The change in the shape of an enzyme upon substrate binding is known as ______.

    <p>induced fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the factors affecting enzyme activity with their effects:

    <p>High temperature = Denatures the enzyme Low temperature = Temporarily inactive enzyme Change in pH = Alters enzyme's tertiary structure Substrate concentration increase = Increases reaction velocity until Vmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when substrate concentration increases and exceeds the number of available enzyme molecules?

    <p>Reaction velocity reaches a maximum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The active site of an enzyme is where the enzyme fits tightly around the substrate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one specific chemical factor that can regulate enzyme activity?

    <p>Inhibitors or activators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three identified types of cofactors?

    <p>Prosthetic groups, co-enzymes, metal ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prosthetic groups are loosely attached to the enzyme and can be easily removed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of coenzymes during enzyme catalysis?

    <p>They serve as co-factors and associate transiently with the apoenzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The essential chemical components of many coenzymes are derived from ______.

    <p>vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an enzyme when its co-factor is removed?

    <p>It loses its catalytic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzyme types with their functions:

    <p>Ligases = Join two compounds together Hydrolases = Catalyze hydrolysis reactions Oxidoreductases = Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions Transferases = Transfer functional groups between substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is the most abundant chemical in living organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What portion of an enzyme is referred to as the apoenzyme?

    <p>The protein portion of the enzyme without its co-factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polymer are proteins classified as?

    <p>Heteropolymer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Essential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one function of insulin.

    <p>Hormone regulation of blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is a polymer of __________.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following proteins with their functions:

    <p>Collagen = Intercellular ground substance Trypsin = Enzyme Insulin = Hormone Antibody = Fights infectious agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as energy storage in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein in the biosphere.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the non-reducing end of a polysaccharide chain?

    <p>The left end of the chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is classified as a secondary metabolite?

    <p>Rubber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary metabolites play known roles in normal physiological processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a primary metabolite.

    <p>Amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecular weights of secondary metabolites typically range from _____ to around 800 daltons.

    <p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following secondary metabolites with their examples:

    <p>Alkaloids = Morphine Terpenoids = Lemon grass oil Pigments = Anthocyanins Toxins = Ricin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary metabolites?

    <p>They have identifiable functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All compounds in the acid soluble pool are primary metabolites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of organic compounds found in the acid insoluble fraction?

    <p>Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary compound used for grinding living tissue to analyze its chemical composition?

    <p>Trichloroacetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relative abundance of elements in living tissues is lower compared to that in the earth's crust.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two fractions obtained when living tissue is processed with trichloroacetic acid?

    <p>Filtrate and retentate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of separating organic compounds from a mixture is known as __________.

    <p>extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the elements with their respective percentages in the human body as compared to the earth's crust.

    <p>Hydrogen (H) = 0.5% Carbon (C) = 18.5% Oxygen (O) = 28% Nitrogen (N) = 3.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT found in significant amounts in living organisms?

    <p>Argon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All elements present in living organisms can also be found in the earth's crust.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pool that contains organic compounds obtained from the filtrate after processing tissue?

    <p>Acid-soluble pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of macromolecule is made up of nucleotides?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complex polysaccharide found in arthropods is called ______.

    <p>chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sugars is a component of RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose contains complex helices similar to starch.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference between enzyme catalysts and inorganic catalysts?

    <p>Enzymes do not work efficiently at high temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms can maintain their catalytic activity at temperatures up to 90°C.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process when bonds are broken and new bonds are formed during a transformation?

    <p>chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of a physical or chemical process refers to the amount of product formed per unit time, expressed as δP/δt = ______.

    <p>rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the enzyme-catalyzed reaction with its corresponding reactants:

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase = CO2 and H2O Bromelain = Proteins Lipase = Triglycerides Amylase = Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can influence the rate of a chemical reaction?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the rate of a reaction typically change with a 10°C change in temperature, assuming all other factors remain constant?

    <p>Doubles or decreases by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzyme-catalyzed reactions proceed at rates that are generally slower than uncatalyzed ones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity?

    <p>It increases activity until Vmax is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes function optimally at a wide range of temperatures and pH levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum rate of an enzymatic reaction?

    <p>Vmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shape change of an enzyme induced by substrate binding is referred to as the ______ effect.

    <p>induced fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effect on enzymes:

    <p>High temperature = Denatures proteins Low temperature = Slows enzymatic activity Optimal pH = Maximizes enzyme activity Extreme pH = Denatures proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction?

    <p>It is released and can catalyze again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high temperature on enzymes?

    <p>Denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymatic activity increases indefinitely with an increase in substrate concentration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fatty acids contain a carboxyl group and R group.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is found in ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name an example of an aromatic amino acid.

    <p>Tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch and cellulose share similar complex helical structures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arachidonic acid has ______ carbon atoms including the carboxyl carbon.

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of amino acids with their classification:

    <p>Glutamic acid = Acidic Lysine = Basic Valine = Neutral Tyrosine = Aromatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a complex polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods.

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The building blocks of nucleic acids are known as __________.

    <p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes the zwitterionic form of amino acids?

    <p>Has both positive and negative charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nucleic acid with its sugar component:

    <p>DNA = Deoxyribose RNA = Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phospholipids are primarily found in plant cell walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of fatty acids based on the presence of double bonds?

    <p>Saturated and unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucosamine is a monosaccharide component of nucleic acids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the type of bond that links amino acids together in proteins.

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key difference between enzyme catalysts and inorganic catalysts?

    <p>Enzymes are damaged at high temperatures while inorganic catalysts are not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes from thermophilic organisms are stable at temperatures up to 90°C.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the bonds during a chemical reaction?

    <p>Bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of a chemical process can be expressed as ______.

    <p>δP/δt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can influence the rate of a chemical or physical process?

    <p>Temperature and other factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzyme-catalyzed reactions with their corresponding products:

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase = HCO3- Hydrolysis of starch = Glucose Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 = BaSO4 + H2O Enzymatic reactions = Higher reaction rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catalyzed reactions generally proceed at rates lower than uncatalyzed ones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the rate of a chemical reaction typically change with a 10°C temperature change?

    <p>The rate doubles or decreases by half.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the high energy state that substrates transition through during a reaction?

    <p>Transition state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The activation energy for a reaction does not change when an enzyme is present.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complex is formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme?

    <p>Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The energy level of the product (P) is lower than the substrate (S) in an _______ reaction.

    <p>exothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the stability of intermediate structural states?

    <p>They are unstable and cannot exist long-term.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An enzyme is unchanged after catalyzing a reaction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a substrate (S) do in order to convert into a product (P)?

    <p>Go through a high energy transition state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of an enzyme?

    <p>Linear sequence of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The quaternary structure of a protein involves multiple polypeptide subunits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active site of an enzyme?

    <p>A pocket or crevice where the substrate fits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin in adult humans consists of _____ subunits.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the structure of a protein when it folds into its tertiary form?

    <p>It forms a complex 3D shape with crevices and pockets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a competitive inhibitor known for?

    <p>It resembles the substrate and competes for the enzyme's binding site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions are classified as transferases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is inhibited by the competitive inhibitor malonate?

    <p>succinic dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are classified into _____ major classes based on the type of reactions they catalyze.

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the class of enzyme with its function:

    <p>Oxidoreductases = Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions Transferases = Catalyze the transfer of groups between substrates Hydrolases = Catalyze hydrolysis reactions Lyases = Catalyze the removal of groups to form double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of isomerases?

    <p>They catalyze the interconversion of isomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a reaction type that lyases catalyze.

    <p>Removal of a group to form a double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nitrogen bases found in nucleic acids?

    <p>Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are adenosine and guanosine classified as?

    <p>Nucleosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The metabolic compounds that consist of nucleotides are called ______.

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of nucleic acids with their primary component:

    <p>DNA = Deoxyribose RNA = Ribose Adenylic acid = Adenine Thymidylic acid = Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

    <p>Fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thymine is found only in RNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of nucleic acid.

    <p>DNA or RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are classified as primary metabolites?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary metabolites have known roles in normal physiological processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecular weights of primary metabolites typically range from _____ to around 800 daltons.

    <p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of metabolites with their examples:

    <p>Primary metabolites = Amino acids Secondary metabolites = Alkaloids Pigments = Anthocyanins Essential oils = Lemon grass oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical molecular weight range for proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides?

    <p>10,000 daltons and above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal tissues contain only primary metabolites.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are compounds with a molecular weight of more than 800 daltons generally classified as?

    <p>Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein acts as a hormone and helps regulate blood sugar levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is a homopolymer made up of _______ as its monomer.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides serves as a storage form of energy in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All amino acids are considered essential for human health.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of GLUT-4 protein?

    <p>Enables glucose transport into cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inhibitor resembles the substrate and competes for the enzyme's binding site?

    <p>Competitive inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are classified into four classes based on the type of reactions they catalyze.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which enzyme activity is shut off by a chemical is called ______.

    <p>inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of isomerases?

    <p>Inter-conversion of isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrolases catalyze the removal of groups from substrates leaving double bonds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term Km refer to in enzyme kinetics?

    <p>Michaelis constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thermophilic enzymes can retain their catalytic power at temperatures up to 90°C.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the rate of a chemical reaction with every 10°C change in temperature?

    <p>The rate doubles or decreases by half.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme ______.

    <p>carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following temperature ranges with their effects on enzyme activity:

    <p>Below 40°C = Enzyme activity is optimal 40°C - 60°C = Enzyme activity starts to decline Above 60°C = Denaturation occurs Thermophilic range (80°-90°C) = Enzymes retain catalytic power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a chemical reaction?

    <p>It leads to new substances being formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of a reaction is unaffected by temperature changes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of change does the melting of ice into water represent?

    <p>Physical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the enzyme after it releases the products of a reaction?

    <p>It is ready to bind to another substrate molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes only function in a wide range of temperature and pH.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum velocity that an enzymatic reaction can achieve?

    <p>Vmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are sensitive to the presence of specific chemicals that can bind to the enzyme, affecting its _____ activity.

    <p>catalytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each condition affecting enzyme activity with its effect:

    <p>High temperature = Denaturation of the enzyme Low temperature = Temporary inactivity Optimum pH = Highest enzyme activity High substrate concentration = Reaches Vmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing substrate concentration increases the velocity of an enzymatic reaction until which point?

    <p>The reaction reaches Vmax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure of an enzyme is unaffected by changes in temperature and pH.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to an enzyme at low temperatures?

    <p>It becomes temporarily inactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?

    <p>Fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose contains more complex helices than starch.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sugar component found in DNA?

    <p>2' deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chitin is a complex polysaccharide found in the _______ of arthropods.

    <p>exoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nutrients with their descriptions:

    <p>Nucleic acids = Polymers made of nucleotides Polysaccharides = Carbohydrates formed by many sugar molecules Proteins = Polymers made of amino acids Lipids = Fats that are not soluble in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nitrogenous base found in RNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nucleotide is comprised of a monosaccharide, a heterocyclic compound, and a _______.

    <p>phosphoric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch can hold iodine molecules in its helical structure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of protein structure is characterized by the assembly of more than one polypeptide chain?

    <p>Quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The active site of an enzyme is where the enzyme forms its primary structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure of a protein that appears as a hollow woolen ball is called the ______ structure.

    <p>tertiary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about enzymes?

    <p>All enzymes are proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribozymes are nucleic acids that behave like proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the enzyme where the substrate fits is referred to as the ______ site.

    <p>active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a chemical reaction?

    <p>The breaking of bonds and formation of new ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes can function effectively at temperatures above 90°C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of enzyme catalysts?

    <p>To speed up chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ reaction occurs when bonds are broken and formed during a transformation.

    <p>chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of reactions with their characteristics:

    <p>Physical change = Change in shape or state without breaking bonds Chemical reaction = Breaking and forming of bonds Uncatalyzed reaction = Slow reaction without an enzyme Catalyzed reaction = Rapid reaction due to enzyme presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the rate of a reaction for every 10°C temperature change?

    <p>It doubles or halves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inorganic catalysts require lower temperatures and pressures compared to enzymes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thermal stability of enzymes from thermophilic organisms?

    <p>They retain catalytic power at high temperatures up to 80°-90°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a metabolic pathway?

    <p>A sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme carbonic anhydrase slows down the reaction rate of biochemical processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you call the chemical that is converted into a product by an enzyme?

    <p>substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In skeletal muscle, lactic acid is produced under _____ conditions.

    <p>anaerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their corresponding end products in the metabolic pathway:

    <p>Anaerobic conditions = Lactic acid Aerobic conditions = Pyruvic acid Fermentation in yeast = Ethanol Normal conditions = Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the active site of an enzyme play?

    <p>It is where the substrate binds and reaction occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes remain unchanged after catalyzing a reaction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transient complex formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme called?

    <p>ES complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy required to reach the transition state from the substrate?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The substrate (S) can directly convert to the product (P) without going through the transition state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when an enzyme binds to a substrate?

    <p>Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an exothermic reaction, the product (P) is at a ______ energy level than the substrate (S).

    <p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complex is produced shortly after the substrate binds to the enzyme?

    <p>Enzyme-product complex (EP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimum condition for an enzyme's activity?

    <p>Optimum temperature and optimum pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High temperatures can preserve enzyme activity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum velocity of an enzymatic reaction is known as ______.

    <p>Vmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does low temperature have on enzymes?

    <p>Preserves the enzyme in an inactive state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in substrate concentration will always lead to an increase in enzymatic reaction velocity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural change that occurs when a substrate binds to an enzyme?

    <p>The enzyme alters its shape to fit more tightly around the substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common elements are found in both living tissues and the earth's crust?

    <p>Carbon and Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen is greater in living organisms than in the earth's crust.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of grinding living tissue in trichloroacetic acid?

    <p>To perform a chemical analysis and separate organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Living organisms consist of elements like _____, _____, and several others.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a class of amino acids based on their R group?

    <p>Neutral amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids are typically water soluble.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acids containing an ionizable –NH2 and –COOH group can exist in a structure called a ______ form.

    <p>zwitterionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following amino acids with their classification:

    <p>Glutamic acid = Acidic amino acid Lysine = Basic amino acid Valine = Neutral amino acid Tyrosine = Aromatic amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipids is characterized by having two fatty acids esterified with glycerol?

    <p>Diglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phospholipids are primarily found in cell membranes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids?

    <p>Presence of one or more double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a primary metabolite?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary metabolites have identifiable functions and play known roles in normal physiological processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecular weight range for secondary metabolites is typically less than ______ daltons.

    <p>800</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of secondary metabolites?

    <p>They include compounds such as toxins and pigments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ecological importance of secondary metabolites is not currently understood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of organic compounds make up the acid insoluble fraction?

    <p>Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase?

    <p>To increase the rate of metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes can catalyze multiple different reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when a substrate binds to the enzyme's active site?

    <p>ES complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under anaerobic conditions in skeletal muscle, _____ is formed from glucose.

    <p>lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following metabolic end products with their corresponding conditions:

    <p>Lactic acid = Anaerobic conditions in skeletal muscle Ethanol = Fermentation in yeast Pyruvic acid = Normal aerobic conditions Glucose = Starting substrate for glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of an enzyme's active site?

    <p>It is the location where substrate binds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes change the equilibrium point of a chemical reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the structure of the substrate during the enzymatic reaction?

    <p>It is transformed into the product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the energy difference between the stable substrate (S) and the transition state represent?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the complex formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate?

    <p>Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which an enzyme catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product is called ______.

    <p>catalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the enzyme after it produces the product?

    <p>It remains unchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one characteristic of a transition state in a chemical reaction.

    <p>It is unstable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of enzymes is to stabilize all intermediate states between the substrate and product.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an enzyme when the temperature is increased beyond its optimum level?

    <p>The enzyme loses its activity due to denaturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes typically function effectively at any temperature and pH.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the highest activity point of an enzyme?

    <p>optimum temperature and optimum pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme returns to its free form after releasing the ______ of the reaction.

    <p>products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the reaction velocity as substrate concentration increases?

    <p>It initially rises and then reaches a maximum velocity (Vmax).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All enzymes can function equally well at high substrate concentrations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form do enzymes return after a catalytic cycle?

    <p>Free enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is found in greater relative abundance in living organisms compared to the earth's crust?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acid-insoluble fraction is where thousands of organic compounds are found.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that is used to extract organic compounds from living tissue?

    <p>Chemical analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The method for extracting organic compounds typically involves grinding tissue in __________ acid.

    <p>trichloroacetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why living tissues and the earth's crust consist of the same elements?

    <p>They share a common source of elemental formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both living organisms and non-living matter have identical elements, though their quantities differ.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two fractions obtained after straining the slurry created from living tissue?

    <p>Filtrate and retentate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biomolecules

    • Living organisms are composed of various elements and compounds
    • Elemental analysis of plant/animal tissue or microbial paste reveals similar elements (C, H, O, etc.) to those found in Earth's crust.
    • However, the relative abundance of C and H is higher in living organisms.

    Chemical Composition Analysis

    • Chemical analysis of living tissue (e.g., vegetable, liver) is performed, typically by grinding the tissue in trichloroacetic acid.
    • This process separates the tissue into two fractions: acid-soluble and acid-insoluble.
    • Scientists have identified thousands of organic compounds within the acid-soluble fraction.

    Lipids

    • Generally water insoluble
    • Consists of a carboxyl group attached to an R group (e.g., methyl, ethyl, CH₂ groups)
    • Classified as saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds) based on the number of carbon atoms in the R group.
    • Examples include glycerol, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides (fats/oils), phospholipids and diverse lipids in neural tissues.

    Carbohydrates

    • Polysaccharides are long sugar chains (e.g. cellulose, glycogen, inulin).
    • Contain different monosaccharides as building blocks (e.g., glucose).
    • In some cases, the chain has a branching structure.

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    Biomolecules PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential biomolecules that compose living organisms, focusing on their elemental analysis and chemical composition. This quiz covers the classification of lipids and their characteristics, including saturated and unsaturated types. Test your knowledge about the different organic compounds found in living tissues.

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