Podcast
Questions and Answers
What color does starch-I2 turn when iodine is present?
What color does starch-I2 turn when iodine is present?
- Yellow
- Green
- Red
- Blue (correct)
Cellulose can hold iodine molecules similar to starch.
Cellulose can hold iodine molecules similar to starch.
False (B)
What is the main component of plant cell walls?
What is the main component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
The complex polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons is known as ______.
The complex polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons is known as ______.
Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in nucleic acids?
Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in nucleic acids?
Match the nucleic acids with their sugar component:
Match the nucleic acids with their sugar component:
A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic compound, a monosaccharide, and a phosphoric acid.
A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic compound, a monosaccharide, and a phosphoric acid.
What are the two types of sugars found in nucleic acids?
What are the two types of sugars found in nucleic acids?
Which of the following is an example of an aromatic amino acid?
Which of the following is an example of an aromatic amino acid?
All amino acids are soluble in water.
All amino acids are soluble in water.
What are the two functional groups present in amino acids?
What are the two functional groups present in amino acids?
Fatty acids can be classified as either _____ or _____ based on the presence of double bonds.
Fatty acids can be classified as either _____ or _____ based on the presence of double bonds.
Match the following fatty acids with their carbon count:
Match the following fatty acids with their carbon count:
Which of the following is NOT considered a proteinaceous amino acid?
Which of the following is NOT considered a proteinaceous amino acid?
What are phospholipids primarily found in?
What are phospholipids primarily found in?
Triglycerides are formed by the esterification of fatty acids with glycerol.
Triglycerides are formed by the esterification of fatty acids with glycerol.
What describes the tertiary structure of a protein?
What describes the tertiary structure of a protein?
The quaternary structure of proteins involves a single folded polypeptide chain.
The quaternary structure of proteins involves a single folded polypeptide chain.
How many subunits are present in adult human haemoglobin?
How many subunits are present in adult human haemoglobin?
An enzyme's _____ site is where the substrate fits and reactions are catalyzed.
An enzyme's _____ site is where the substrate fits and reactions are catalyzed.
Match the types of protein structure with their descriptions:
Match the types of protein structure with their descriptions:
What is indicated by 'active site' in an enzyme?
What is indicated by 'active site' in an enzyme?
Almost all enzymes are proteins.
Almost all enzymes are proteins.
What structural feature is formed when individual polypeptide chains come together?
What structural feature is formed when individual polypeptide chains come together?
Which of the following is considered a primary metabolite?
Which of the following is considered a primary metabolite?
Secondary metabolites have identifiable functions and roles in normal physiological processes.
Secondary metabolites have identifiable functions and roles in normal physiological processes.
Name one example of a secondary metabolite.
Name one example of a secondary metabolite.
The molecular weight of compounds in the acid soluble pool ranges from _____ to around 800 daltons.
The molecular weight of compounds in the acid soluble pool ranges from _____ to around 800 daltons.
Match the following examples with their respective categories of metabolites:
Match the following examples with their respective categories of metabolites:
What is a common characteristic of biomolecules found in the acid insoluble fraction?
What is a common characteristic of biomolecules found in the acid insoluble fraction?
Toxins, such as Ricin, are classified as secondary metabolites.
Toxins, such as Ricin, are classified as secondary metabolites.
What is the molecular weight range for lipids?
What is the molecular weight range for lipids?
What is the term for the process when enzyme activity is shut off by a chemical?
What is the term for the process when enzyme activity is shut off by a chemical?
Competitive inhibitors do not resemble the substrate in molecular structure.
Competitive inhibitors do not resemble the substrate in molecular structure.
Name the class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of groups other than hydrogen between substrates.
Name the class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of groups other than hydrogen between substrates.
The enzyme succinic dehydrogenase is inhibited by a competitive inhibitor known as ______.
The enzyme succinic dehydrogenase is inhibited by a competitive inhibitor known as ______.
Match the following classes of enzymes with their functions:
Match the following classes of enzymes with their functions:
Which of the following types of reactions are catalyzed by hydrolases?
Which of the following types of reactions are catalyzed by hydrolases?
Isomerases are responsible for the removal of groups from substrates.
Isomerases are responsible for the removal of groups from substrates.
How many classes of enzymes are there, based on the text?
How many classes of enzymes are there, based on the text?
What is the energy difference between the stable substrate (S) and the product (P) called when it is higher than the transition state?
What is the energy difference between the stable substrate (S) and the product (P) called when it is higher than the transition state?
An exothermic reaction requires energy from outside sources to form the product.
An exothermic reaction requires energy from outside sources to form the product.
What term describes the short-lived complex formed when an enzyme binds with a substrate?
What term describes the short-lived complex formed when an enzyme binds with a substrate?
The higher energy state that substrates must go through during a reaction is called the ______.
The higher energy state that substrates must go through during a reaction is called the ______.
Which of the following correctly describes the role of enzymes in a chemical reaction?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of enzymes in a chemical reaction?
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
All intermediate structural states between a stable substrate and product are stable.
All intermediate structural states between a stable substrate and product are stable.
What happens to the enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction and forms the product?
What happens to the enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction and forms the product?
Which elements are present in both living tissues and the earth's crust?
Which elements are present in both living tissues and the earth's crust?
The relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen in living organisms is lower than in the earth's crust.
The relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen in living organisms is lower than in the earth's crust.
What are the two fractions obtained after grinding living tissue in trichloroacetic acid?
What are the two fractions obtained after grinding living tissue in trichloroacetic acid?
The process used to discover organic compounds from living tissues involves performing a chemical ______.
The process used to discover organic compounds from living tissues involves performing a chemical ______.
Match the following elements with their percentage weight in the human body:
Match the following elements with their percentage weight in the human body:
What is the primary component of the filtrate obtained from the chemical analysis of living tissues?
What is the primary component of the filtrate obtained from the chemical analysis of living tissues?
Acid-soluble pool contains thousands of organic compounds.
Acid-soluble pool contains thousands of organic compounds.
What technique is used to separate compounds from the acid-soluble pool?
What technique is used to separate compounds from the acid-soluble pool?
What structure is formed when multiple polypeptide chains come together?
What structure is formed when multiple polypeptide chains come together?
Which of the following amino acids is classified as basic?
Which of the following amino acids is classified as basic?
Tertiary structure is important for the biological activities of proteins.
Tertiary structure is important for the biological activities of proteins.
How many subunits make up adult human haemoglobin?
How many subunits make up adult human haemoglobin?
All amino acids have a variable group designated as an R group.
All amino acids have a variable group designated as an R group.
An enzyme's active site is a ______ into which the substrate fits.
An enzyme's active site is a ______ into which the substrate fits.
Name one example of a saturated fatty acid.
Name one example of a saturated fatty acid.
The zwitterionic form refers to the ______ structure of amino acids in different pH solutions.
The zwitterionic form refers to the ______ structure of amino acids in different pH solutions.
Match the following protein structures with their descriptions:
Match the following protein structures with their descriptions:
Match the following amino acids with their type based on R group characteristics:
Match the following amino acids with their type based on R group characteristics:
Which of the following describes the tertiary structure of a protein?
Which of the following describes the tertiary structure of a protein?
Almost all enzymes are ______.
Almost all enzymes are ______.
Which of the following statements is true about lipids?
Which of the following statements is true about lipids?
Ribozymes are proteins that act as enzymes.
Ribozymes are proteins that act as enzymes.
Fatty acids can only have one carbon chain.
Fatty acids can only have one carbon chain.
What is the primary distinguishing feature of phospholipids?
What is the primary distinguishing feature of phospholipids?
What are the two main categories of biomolecules based on their molecular weight?
What are the two main categories of biomolecules based on their molecular weight?
Lipids are classified as macromolecules despite having low molecular weights.
Lipids are classified as macromolecules despite having low molecular weights.
What is the primary component that makes up most of the cellular mass in living organisms?
What is the primary component that makes up most of the cellular mass in living organisms?
Proteins are linear chains of amino acids linked by ______.
Proteins are linear chains of amino acids linked by ______.
Match the following biomolecules with their percentage in the total cellular mass:
Match the following biomolecules with their percentage in the total cellular mass:
What type of biomolecule is primarily found in cell membranes?
What type of biomolecule is primarily found in cell membranes?
What is the function of proteins in biological systems?
What is the function of proteins in biological systems?
Lipids are solely macromolecules in the context of biomolecules.
Lipids are solely macromolecules in the context of biomolecules.
What is the term for the higher energy state that substrates must go through during a reaction?
What is the term for the higher energy state that substrates must go through during a reaction?
What complex is formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate?
What complex is formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate?
The difference in average energy content of the substrate (S) from that of the transition state is known as ______.
The difference in average energy content of the substrate (S) from that of the transition state is known as ______.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
What occurs when the energy level of the product (P) is lower than that of the substrate (S) in a reaction?
What occurs when the energy level of the product (P) is lower than that of the substrate (S) in a reaction?
Enzymes raise the activation energy required for a reaction.
Enzymes raise the activation energy required for a reaction.
What is formed after the enzyme-substrate complex (ES) dissociates?
What is formed after the enzyme-substrate complex (ES) dissociates?
Which of the following best describes a metabolic pathway?
Which of the following best describes a metabolic pathway?
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that speeds up chemical reactions by a factor of one million times.
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that speeds up chemical reactions by a factor of one million times.
What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?
What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?
Under anaerobic conditions in muscles, glucose is converted to _____ acid.
Under anaerobic conditions in muscles, glucose is converted to _____ acid.
Match the enzyme activity with their corresponding conditions:
Match the enzyme activity with their corresponding conditions:
Which statement correctly describes the transition state structure?
Which statement correctly describes the transition state structure?
Enzymes completely change their structure when a substrate binds to the active site.
Enzymes completely change their structure when a substrate binds to the active site.
What is formed when the substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site?
What is formed when the substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site?
Which of the following elements is NOT typically found in living tissues?
Which of the following elements is NOT typically found in living tissues?
The dry weight of a living tissue is obtained after all water has evaporated from it.
The dry weight of a living tissue is obtained after all water has evaporated from it.
What is left after burning all carbon compounds in a living tissue?
What is left after burning all carbon compounds in a living tissue?
Inorganic elements such as sodium and calcium are represented in the ______ of living tissues.
Inorganic elements such as sodium and calcium are represented in the ______ of living tissues.
Match the following inorganic components with their formulas:
Match the following inorganic components with their formulas:
Which compound is formed when carbon compounds are fully oxidized?
Which compound is formed when carbon compounds are fully oxidized?
Functional groups such as aldehydes and ketones can be identified in the analysis of living tissues.
Functional groups such as aldehydes and ketones can be identified in the analysis of living tissues.
What is one method used to analyze the composition of living tissues?
What is one method used to analyze the composition of living tissues?
Which type of amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet?
Which type of amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet?
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
Name one function of enzymes.
Name one function of enzymes.
The protein that fights infectious agents is known as an _______.
The protein that fights infectious agents is known as an _______.
Match the following proteins with their primary functions:
Match the following proteins with their primary functions:
Which of the following polysaccharides serves as an energy storage molecule in animals?
Which of the following polysaccharides serves as an energy storage molecule in animals?
Starch and cellulose are both homopolymers made up of glucose.
Starch and cellulose are both homopolymers made up of glucose.
What are the two types of amino acids based on dietary needs?
What are the two types of amino acids based on dietary needs?
What role does carbonic anhydrase play in chemical reactions?
What role does carbonic anhydrase play in chemical reactions?
Every enzyme catalyzes multiple types of metabolic reactions.
Every enzyme catalyzes multiple types of metabolic reactions.
What is the term for the complex formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme?
What is the term for the complex formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme?
Under anaerobic conditions in skeletal muscle, ______ is formed.
Under anaerobic conditions in skeletal muscle, ______ is formed.
What type of polysaccharide is cellulose primarily known for forming?
What type of polysaccharide is cellulose primarily known for forming?
Match the metabolic end products with their conditions:
Match the metabolic end products with their conditions:
Starch can hold iodine molecules due to its helical structure.
Starch can hold iodine molecules due to its helical structure.
What is the outcome when glucose is converted through a metabolic pathway?
What is the outcome when glucose is converted through a metabolic pathway?
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Enzymes transform substrates into products by creating a stable intermediate state.
Enzymes transform substrates into products by creating a stable intermediate state.
How does an enzyme convert a substrate into a product?
How does an enzyme convert a substrate into a product?
Chitin, a complex polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeletons of ______.
Chitin, a complex polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeletons of ______.
Match the following components with their respective nucleic acids:
Match the following components with their respective nucleic acids:
Which nitrogenous base is classified as a pyrimidine?
Which nitrogenous base is classified as a pyrimidine?
Ribose is a pentose monosaccharide found in DNA.
Ribose is a pentose monosaccharide found in DNA.
Name one type of structure that proteins can form.
Name one type of structure that proteins can form.
What is the term for the energy barrier that substrates must overcome during a reaction?
What is the term for the energy barrier that substrates must overcome during a reaction?
All intermediate structural states between a substrate and product are stable.
All intermediate structural states between a substrate and product are stable.
What complex is formed between an enzyme and substrate before the product is formed?
What complex is formed between an enzyme and substrate before the product is formed?
The product (P) and the unchanged enzyme dissociate after the complex known as ______.
The product (P) and the unchanged enzyme dissociate after the complex known as ______.
Match the following components of enzyme action:
Match the following components of enzyme action:
In an exothermic reaction, which statement is true about the energy level of the product compared to the substrate?
In an exothermic reaction, which statement is true about the energy level of the product compared to the substrate?
Enzymes increase the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.
Enzymes increase the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.
What is implied if the energy level of the product (P) is lower than that of the substrate (S)?
What is implied if the energy level of the product (P) is lower than that of the substrate (S)?
Which of the following best describes the role of ligases?
Which of the following best describes the role of ligases?
Prosthetic groups are temporarily attached to apoenzymes.
Prosthetic groups are temporarily attached to apoenzymes.
What is the name given to the protein portion of an enzyme that requires a cofactor to become active?
What is the name given to the protein portion of an enzyme that requires a cofactor to become active?
Zinc acts as a _______ for the enzyme carboxypeptidase.
Zinc acts as a _______ for the enzyme carboxypeptidase.
Match the following types of cofactors with their descriptions:
Match the following types of cofactors with their descriptions:
Which of the following statements about coenzymes is correct?
Which of the following statements about coenzymes is correct?
The removal of a cofactor from an enzyme will not affect its catalytic activity.
The removal of a cofactor from an enzyme will not affect its catalytic activity.
Name one example of a coenzyme that contains a vitamin.
Name one example of a coenzyme that contains a vitamin.
Which of the following substances is a nucleotide?
Which of the following substances is a nucleotide?
DNA and RNA are types of nucleotides.
DNA and RNA are types of nucleotides.
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids?
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids?
A molecule consisting of a nitrogen base and a sugar is called a ______.
A molecule consisting of a nitrogen base and a sugar is called a ______.
Match the following nitrogen bases with their corresponding type:
Match the following nitrogen bases with their corresponding type:
Which of the following are considered nucleosides? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are considered nucleosides? (Select all that apply)
All nucleotides contain the same sugar component.
All nucleotides contain the same sugar component.
Name one primary function of DNA and RNA.
Name one primary function of DNA and RNA.
Which elements are typically found in higher relative abundance in living organisms compared to the earth's crust?
Which elements are typically found in higher relative abundance in living organisms compared to the earth's crust?
The acid-soluble pool contains fewer organic compounds than the acid-insoluble fraction.
The acid-soluble pool contains fewer organic compounds than the acid-insoluble fraction.
What does the process of grinding living tissue in trichloroacetic acid help to analyze?
What does the process of grinding living tissue in trichloroacetic acid help to analyze?
The two fractions obtained after grinding tissue in acid are called __________ and __________.
The two fractions obtained after grinding tissue in acid are called __________ and __________.
Match the following elements with their respective weight percentage in the human body:
Match the following elements with their respective weight percentage in the human body:
When comparing living tissues to non-living matter, what can be said about the elemental composition?
When comparing living tissues to non-living matter, what can be said about the elemental composition?
Carbon is present in the earth's crust at a higher percentage than in the human body.
Carbon is present in the earth's crust at a higher percentage than in the human body.
What are the two main types of fractions obtained after chemical analysis of living tissues?
What are the two main types of fractions obtained after chemical analysis of living tissues?
Cellulose can form helical structures similar to starch.
Cellulose can form helical structures similar to starch.
Name a complex polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods.
Name a complex polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods.
The sugar component in RNA is ______.
The sugar component in RNA is ______.
Match the following structures with their descriptions:
Match the following structures with their descriptions:
Which nitrogenous base is a pyrimidine?
Which nitrogenous base is a pyrimidine?
Amino acids are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
Amino acids are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
What is the main component of the acid-insoluble fraction in living tissues?
What is the main component of the acid-insoluble fraction in living tissues?
What is the term for the 3-dimensional structure of a protein formed by the folding of its polypeptide chains?
What is the term for the 3-dimensional structure of a protein formed by the folding of its polypeptide chains?
The quaternary structure of a protein involves a single polypeptide chain.
The quaternary structure of a protein involves a single polypeptide chain.
Human haemoglobin consists of ______ subunits.
Human haemoglobin consists of ______ subunits.
Match the following types of protein structure with their descriptions:
Match the following types of protein structure with their descriptions:
What kind of RNA acts as an enzyme?
What kind of RNA acts as an enzyme?
All enzymes are proteins.
All enzymes are proteins.
What is formed by the folding and arrangement of individual polypeptide chains in proteins?
What is formed by the folding and arrangement of individual polypeptide chains in proteins?
What term describes the first amino acid in a protein structure?
What term describes the first amino acid in a protein structure?
The secondary structure of proteins can include left-handed helices.
The secondary structure of proteins can include left-handed helices.
What are the two extreme ends of a protein structure known as?
What are the two extreme ends of a protein structure known as?
The ____ structure of proteins describes how the polypeptide folds into a helical form.
The ____ structure of proteins describes how the polypeptide folds into a helical form.
Which level of protein structure involves the arrangement of the polypeptide into a helix or sheet?
Which level of protein structure involves the arrangement of the polypeptide into a helix or sheet?
The primary structure of a protein is defined by its shape and folding.
The primary structure of a protein is defined by its shape and folding.
What type of bond is significant for maintaining the tertiary structure of proteins?
What type of bond is significant for maintaining the tertiary structure of proteins?
What is the state called that the substrate must pass through before becoming the product?
What is the state called that the substrate must pass through before becoming the product?
The energy level of the product is always lower than that of the substrate in an exothermic reaction.
The energy level of the product is always lower than that of the substrate in an exothermic reaction.
What is the term for the energy difference between the stable substrate and the transition state?
What is the term for the energy difference between the stable substrate and the transition state?
The complex formed between an enzyme and substrate during a reaction is known as the ______ complex.
The complex formed between an enzyme and substrate during a reaction is known as the ______ complex.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
What effect do enzymes have on activation energy?
What effect do enzymes have on activation energy?
The enzyme-product complex (EP) is a long-lived structure during the catalytic process.
The enzyme-product complex (EP) is a long-lived structure during the catalytic process.
What must occur before a substrate can be transformed into product via an enzyme?
What must occur before a substrate can be transformed into product via an enzyme?
Which of the following nitrogen bases are NOT found in DNA?
Which of the following nitrogen bases are NOT found in DNA?
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Adenosine is a type of _______.
Adenosine is a type of _______.
Match the following nitrogenous bases with their classification:
Match the following nitrogenous bases with their classification:
Which of the following compounds are classified as nucleotides?
Which of the following compounds are classified as nucleotides?
All nucleotides contain a phosphate group attached to a nitrogenous base and a sugar.
All nucleotides contain a phosphate group attached to a nitrogenous base and a sugar.
What is the role of nucleic acids in living organisms?
What is the role of nucleic acids in living organisms?
Which of the following is a characteristic of amino acids?
Which of the following is a characteristic of amino acids?
All amino acids that occur in proteins are of the same type.
All amino acids that occur in proteins are of the same type.
What type of fatty acid has no double bonds?
What type of fatty acid has no double bonds?
Palmitic acid contains ___ carbon atoms, including the carboxyl carbon.
Palmitic acid contains ___ carbon atoms, including the carboxyl carbon.
Match the amino acid with its R group:
Match the amino acid with its R group:
Lipids are generally water-soluble.
Lipids are generally water-soluble.
What is the zwitterionic form of an amino acid?
What is the zwitterionic form of an amino acid?
What type of protein is the most abundant in the animal world?
What type of protein is the most abundant in the animal world?
Essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.
Essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.
What are polysaccharides primarily made of?
What are polysaccharides primarily made of?
____ is a polymer of fructose.
____ is a polymer of fructose.
Which of the following functions does insulin perform?
Which of the following functions does insulin perform?
Match the following types of proteins with their functions:
Match the following types of proteins with their functions:
Glycogen is a homopolymer of glucose.
Glycogen is a homopolymer of glucose.
The left end of a polysaccharide chain is referred to as the ____ end.
The left end of a polysaccharide chain is referred to as the ____ end.
What characterizes the transition state in a chemical reaction?
What characterizes the transition state in a chemical reaction?
What is the term for the temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate?
What is the term for the temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate?
The difference in energy content between the substrate and the transition state is referred to as ______.
The difference in energy content between the substrate and the transition state is referred to as ______.
Which statement is true regarding enzymes?
Which statement is true regarding enzymes?
An enzyme's active site is specific to only one substrate.
An enzyme's active site is specific to only one substrate.
In the catalytic cycle, the enzyme returns to its original state after producing the ______.
In the catalytic cycle, the enzyme returns to its original state after producing the ______.
What is the term for the maximum velocity an enzyme can reach when substrate concentration increases?
What is the term for the maximum velocity an enzyme can reach when substrate concentration increases?
Enzymes can function effectively outside a narrow range of temperature and pH.
Enzymes can function effectively outside a narrow range of temperature and pH.
What happens to enzyme activity at low temperatures?
What happens to enzyme activity at low temperatures?
The change in the shape of an enzyme upon substrate binding is known as ______.
The change in the shape of an enzyme upon substrate binding is known as ______.
Match the factors affecting enzyme activity with their effects:
Match the factors affecting enzyme activity with their effects:
What occurs when substrate concentration increases and exceeds the number of available enzyme molecules?
What occurs when substrate concentration increases and exceeds the number of available enzyme molecules?
The active site of an enzyme is where the enzyme fits tightly around the substrate.
The active site of an enzyme is where the enzyme fits tightly around the substrate.
Name one specific chemical factor that can regulate enzyme activity?
Name one specific chemical factor that can regulate enzyme activity?
What are the three identified types of cofactors?
What are the three identified types of cofactors?
Prosthetic groups are loosely attached to the enzyme and can be easily removed.
Prosthetic groups are loosely attached to the enzyme and can be easily removed.
What is the role of coenzymes during enzyme catalysis?
What is the role of coenzymes during enzyme catalysis?
The essential chemical components of many coenzymes are derived from ______.
The essential chemical components of many coenzymes are derived from ______.
What happens to an enzyme when its co-factor is removed?
What happens to an enzyme when its co-factor is removed?
Match the following enzyme types with their functions:
Match the following enzyme types with their functions:
Water is the most abundant chemical in living organisms.
Water is the most abundant chemical in living organisms.
What portion of an enzyme is referred to as the apoenzyme?
What portion of an enzyme is referred to as the apoenzyme?
What type of polymer are proteins classified as?
What type of polymer are proteins classified as?
Essential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body.
Essential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body.
Name one function of insulin.
Name one function of insulin.
Cellulose is a polymer of __________.
Cellulose is a polymer of __________.
Match the following proteins with their functions:
Match the following proteins with their functions:
Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as energy storage in plants?
Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as energy storage in plants?
Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein in the biosphere.
Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein in the biosphere.
What is the non-reducing end of a polysaccharide chain?
What is the non-reducing end of a polysaccharide chain?
Which of the following compounds is classified as a secondary metabolite?
Which of the following compounds is classified as a secondary metabolite?
Primary metabolites play known roles in normal physiological processes.
Primary metabolites play known roles in normal physiological processes.
Name one example of a primary metabolite.
Name one example of a primary metabolite.
The molecular weights of secondary metabolites typically range from _____ to around 800 daltons.
The molecular weights of secondary metabolites typically range from _____ to around 800 daltons.
Match the following secondary metabolites with their examples:
Match the following secondary metabolites with their examples:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary metabolites?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary metabolites?
All compounds in the acid soluble pool are primary metabolites.
All compounds in the acid soluble pool are primary metabolites.
What are the four types of organic compounds found in the acid insoluble fraction?
What are the four types of organic compounds found in the acid insoluble fraction?
What is the primary compound used for grinding living tissue to analyze its chemical composition?
What is the primary compound used for grinding living tissue to analyze its chemical composition?
The relative abundance of elements in living tissues is lower compared to that in the earth's crust.
The relative abundance of elements in living tissues is lower compared to that in the earth's crust.
What are the two fractions obtained when living tissue is processed with trichloroacetic acid?
What are the two fractions obtained when living tissue is processed with trichloroacetic acid?
The process of separating organic compounds from a mixture is known as __________.
The process of separating organic compounds from a mixture is known as __________.
Match the elements with their respective percentages in the human body as compared to the earth's crust.
Match the elements with their respective percentages in the human body as compared to the earth's crust.
Which of the following elements is NOT found in significant amounts in living organisms?
Which of the following elements is NOT found in significant amounts in living organisms?
All elements present in living organisms can also be found in the earth's crust.
All elements present in living organisms can also be found in the earth's crust.
What is the name of the pool that contains organic compounds obtained from the filtrate after processing tissue?
What is the name of the pool that contains organic compounds obtained from the filtrate after processing tissue?
What type of macromolecule is made up of nucleotides?
What type of macromolecule is made up of nucleotides?
The complex polysaccharide found in arthropods is called ______.
The complex polysaccharide found in arthropods is called ______.
Which of the following sugars is a component of RNA?
Which of the following sugars is a component of RNA?
Cellulose contains complex helices similar to starch.
Cellulose contains complex helices similar to starch.
What is a major difference between enzyme catalysts and inorganic catalysts?
What is a major difference between enzyme catalysts and inorganic catalysts?
Enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms can maintain their catalytic activity at temperatures up to 90°C.
Enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms can maintain their catalytic activity at temperatures up to 90°C.
What is the term for the process when bonds are broken and new bonds are formed during a transformation?
What is the term for the process when bonds are broken and new bonds are formed during a transformation?
The rate of a physical or chemical process refers to the amount of product formed per unit time, expressed as δP/δt = ______.
The rate of a physical or chemical process refers to the amount of product formed per unit time, expressed as δP/δt = ______.
Match the enzyme-catalyzed reaction with its corresponding reactants:
Match the enzyme-catalyzed reaction with its corresponding reactants:
Which of the following factors can influence the rate of a chemical reaction?
Which of the following factors can influence the rate of a chemical reaction?
How does the rate of a reaction typically change with a 10°C change in temperature, assuming all other factors remain constant?
How does the rate of a reaction typically change with a 10°C change in temperature, assuming all other factors remain constant?
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions proceed at rates that are generally slower than uncatalyzed ones.
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions proceed at rates that are generally slower than uncatalyzed ones.
What describes the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity?
What describes the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity?
Enzymes function optimally at a wide range of temperatures and pH levels.
Enzymes function optimally at a wide range of temperatures and pH levels.
What is the term for the maximum rate of an enzymatic reaction?
What is the term for the maximum rate of an enzymatic reaction?
The shape change of an enzyme induced by substrate binding is referred to as the ______ effect.
The shape change of an enzyme induced by substrate binding is referred to as the ______ effect.
Match the following factors with their effect on enzymes:
Match the following factors with their effect on enzymes:
What happens to an enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction?
What happens to an enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction?
What is the effect of high temperature on enzymes?
What is the effect of high temperature on enzymes?
Enzymatic activity increases indefinitely with an increase in substrate concentration.
Enzymatic activity increases indefinitely with an increase in substrate concentration.
All fatty acids contain a carboxyl group and R group.
All fatty acids contain a carboxyl group and R group.
What type of sugar is found in ribonucleic acid (RNA)?
What type of sugar is found in ribonucleic acid (RNA)?
Name an example of an aromatic amino acid.
Name an example of an aromatic amino acid.
Starch and cellulose share similar complex helical structures.
Starch and cellulose share similar complex helical structures.
Arachidonic acid has ______ carbon atoms including the carboxyl carbon.
Arachidonic acid has ______ carbon atoms including the carboxyl carbon.
Match the following types of amino acids with their classification:
Match the following types of amino acids with their classification:
Identify a complex polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods.
Identify a complex polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods.
The building blocks of nucleic acids are known as __________.
The building blocks of nucleic acids are known as __________.
Which of these best describes the zwitterionic form of amino acids?
Which of these best describes the zwitterionic form of amino acids?
Match the nucleic acid with its sugar component:
Match the nucleic acid with its sugar component:
Phospholipids are primarily found in plant cell walls.
Phospholipids are primarily found in plant cell walls.
What is the primary structure of fatty acids based on the presence of double bonds?
What is the primary structure of fatty acids based on the presence of double bonds?
Glucosamine is a monosaccharide component of nucleic acids.
Glucosamine is a monosaccharide component of nucleic acids.
Name the type of bond that links amino acids together in proteins.
Name the type of bond that links amino acids together in proteins.
What is one key difference between enzyme catalysts and inorganic catalysts?
What is one key difference between enzyme catalysts and inorganic catalysts?
Enzymes from thermophilic organisms are stable at temperatures up to 90°C.
Enzymes from thermophilic organisms are stable at temperatures up to 90°C.
What happens to the bonds during a chemical reaction?
What happens to the bonds during a chemical reaction?
The rate of a chemical process can be expressed as ______.
The rate of a chemical process can be expressed as ______.
Which factor can influence the rate of a chemical or physical process?
Which factor can influence the rate of a chemical or physical process?
Match the following enzyme-catalyzed reactions with their corresponding products:
Match the following enzyme-catalyzed reactions with their corresponding products:
Catalyzed reactions generally proceed at rates lower than uncatalyzed ones.
Catalyzed reactions generally proceed at rates lower than uncatalyzed ones.
How does the rate of a chemical reaction typically change with a 10°C temperature change?
How does the rate of a chemical reaction typically change with a 10°C temperature change?
What is the term used to describe the high energy state that substrates transition through during a reaction?
What is the term used to describe the high energy state that substrates transition through during a reaction?
The activation energy for a reaction does not change when an enzyme is present.
The activation energy for a reaction does not change when an enzyme is present.
What complex is formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme?
What complex is formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme?
The energy level of the product (P) is lower than the substrate (S) in an _______ reaction.
The energy level of the product (P) is lower than the substrate (S) in an _______ reaction.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the stability of intermediate structural states?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the stability of intermediate structural states?
An enzyme is unchanged after catalyzing a reaction.
An enzyme is unchanged after catalyzing a reaction.
What must a substrate (S) do in order to convert into a product (P)?
What must a substrate (S) do in order to convert into a product (P)?
What is the primary structure of an enzyme?
What is the primary structure of an enzyme?
The quaternary structure of a protein involves multiple polypeptide subunits.
The quaternary structure of a protein involves multiple polypeptide subunits.
What is the active site of an enzyme?
What is the active site of an enzyme?
Hemoglobin in adult humans consists of _____ subunits.
Hemoglobin in adult humans consists of _____ subunits.
What happens to the structure of a protein when it folds into its tertiary form?
What happens to the structure of a protein when it folds into its tertiary form?
What is a competitive inhibitor known for?
What is a competitive inhibitor known for?
Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions are classified as transferases.
Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions are classified as transferases.
What enzyme is inhibited by the competitive inhibitor malonate?
What enzyme is inhibited by the competitive inhibitor malonate?
Enzymes are classified into _____ major classes based on the type of reactions they catalyze.
Enzymes are classified into _____ major classes based on the type of reactions they catalyze.
Match the class of enzyme with its function:
Match the class of enzyme with its function:
Which of the following describes the function of isomerases?
Which of the following describes the function of isomerases?
Name one example of a reaction type that lyases catalyze.
Name one example of a reaction type that lyases catalyze.
What are the nitrogen bases found in nucleic acids?
What are the nitrogen bases found in nucleic acids?
All nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
All nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
What are adenosine and guanosine classified as?
What are adenosine and guanosine classified as?
The metabolic compounds that consist of nucleotides are called ______.
The metabolic compounds that consist of nucleotides are called ______.
Match the types of nucleic acids with their primary component:
Match the types of nucleic acids with their primary component:
Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?
Thymine is found only in RNA.
Thymine is found only in RNA.
Name one type of nucleic acid.
Name one type of nucleic acid.
Which of the following are classified as primary metabolites?
Which of the following are classified as primary metabolites?
Secondary metabolites have known roles in normal physiological processes.
Secondary metabolites have known roles in normal physiological processes.
The molecular weights of primary metabolites typically range from _____ to around 800 daltons.
The molecular weights of primary metabolites typically range from _____ to around 800 daltons.
Match the following types of metabolites with their examples:
Match the following types of metabolites with their examples:
What is the typical molecular weight range for proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides?
What is the typical molecular weight range for proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides?
Animal tissues contain only primary metabolites.
Animal tissues contain only primary metabolites.
What are compounds with a molecular weight of more than 800 daltons generally classified as?
What are compounds with a molecular weight of more than 800 daltons generally classified as?
What type of protein acts as a hormone and helps regulate blood sugar levels?
What type of protein acts as a hormone and helps regulate blood sugar levels?
What is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom?
What is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom?
Cellulose is a homopolymer made up of _______ as its monomer.
Cellulose is a homopolymer made up of _______ as its monomer.
Which of the following polysaccharides serves as a storage form of energy in animals?
Which of the following polysaccharides serves as a storage form of energy in animals?
All amino acids are considered essential for human health.
All amino acids are considered essential for human health.
What is the function of GLUT-4 protein?
What is the function of GLUT-4 protein?
What type of inhibitor resembles the substrate and competes for the enzyme's binding site?
What type of inhibitor resembles the substrate and competes for the enzyme's binding site?
Enzymes are classified into four classes based on the type of reactions they catalyze.
Enzymes are classified into four classes based on the type of reactions they catalyze.
The process by which enzyme activity is shut off by a chemical is called ______.
The process by which enzyme activity is shut off by a chemical is called ______.
What is the primary function of isomerases?
What is the primary function of isomerases?
Hydrolases catalyze the removal of groups from substrates leaving double bonds.
Hydrolases catalyze the removal of groups from substrates leaving double bonds.
What does the term Km refer to in enzyme kinetics?
What does the term Km refer to in enzyme kinetics?
Thermophilic enzymes can retain their catalytic power at temperatures up to 90°C.
Thermophilic enzymes can retain their catalytic power at temperatures up to 90°C.
What happens to the rate of a chemical reaction with every 10°C change in temperature?
What happens to the rate of a chemical reaction with every 10°C change in temperature?
The reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme ______.
The reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme ______.
Match the following temperature ranges with their effects on enzyme activity:
Match the following temperature ranges with their effects on enzyme activity:
Which statement correctly describes a chemical reaction?
Which statement correctly describes a chemical reaction?
The rate of a reaction is unaffected by temperature changes.
The rate of a reaction is unaffected by temperature changes.
What type of change does the melting of ice into water represent?
What type of change does the melting of ice into water represent?
What happens to the enzyme after it releases the products of a reaction?
What happens to the enzyme after it releases the products of a reaction?
Enzymes only function in a wide range of temperature and pH.
Enzymes only function in a wide range of temperature and pH.
What is the term for the maximum velocity that an enzymatic reaction can achieve?
What is the term for the maximum velocity that an enzymatic reaction can achieve?
Enzymes are sensitive to the presence of specific chemicals that can bind to the enzyme, affecting its _____ activity.
Enzymes are sensitive to the presence of specific chemicals that can bind to the enzyme, affecting its _____ activity.
Match each condition affecting enzyme activity with its effect:
Match each condition affecting enzyme activity with its effect:
Increasing substrate concentration increases the velocity of an enzymatic reaction until which point?
Increasing substrate concentration increases the velocity of an enzymatic reaction until which point?
The structure of an enzyme is unaffected by changes in temperature and pH.
The structure of an enzyme is unaffected by changes in temperature and pH.
What occurs to an enzyme at low temperatures?
What occurs to an enzyme at low temperatures?
Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?
Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?
Cellulose contains more complex helices than starch.
Cellulose contains more complex helices than starch.
What is the sugar component found in DNA?
What is the sugar component found in DNA?
Chitin is a complex polysaccharide found in the _______ of arthropods.
Chitin is a complex polysaccharide found in the _______ of arthropods.
Match the following nutrients with their descriptions:
Match the following nutrients with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a nitrogenous base found in RNA?
Which of the following is a nitrogenous base found in RNA?
A nucleotide is comprised of a monosaccharide, a heterocyclic compound, and a _______.
A nucleotide is comprised of a monosaccharide, a heterocyclic compound, and a _______.
Starch can hold iodine molecules in its helical structure.
Starch can hold iodine molecules in its helical structure.
What level of protein structure is characterized by the assembly of more than one polypeptide chain?
What level of protein structure is characterized by the assembly of more than one polypeptide chain?
The active site of an enzyme is where the enzyme forms its primary structure.
The active site of an enzyme is where the enzyme forms its primary structure.
The structure of a protein that appears as a hollow woolen ball is called the ______ structure.
The structure of a protein that appears as a hollow woolen ball is called the ______ structure.
Which of the following statements is true about enzymes?
Which of the following statements is true about enzymes?
Ribozymes are nucleic acids that behave like proteins.
Ribozymes are nucleic acids that behave like proteins.
The part of the enzyme where the substrate fits is referred to as the ______ site.
The part of the enzyme where the substrate fits is referred to as the ______ site.
What defines a chemical reaction?
What defines a chemical reaction?
Enzymes can function effectively at temperatures above 90°C.
Enzymes can function effectively at temperatures above 90°C.
What is the primary role of enzyme catalysts?
What is the primary role of enzyme catalysts?
A __________ reaction occurs when bonds are broken and formed during a transformation.
A __________ reaction occurs when bonds are broken and formed during a transformation.
Match the following types of reactions with their characteristics:
Match the following types of reactions with their characteristics:
What happens to the rate of a reaction for every 10°C temperature change?
What happens to the rate of a reaction for every 10°C temperature change?
Inorganic catalysts require lower temperatures and pressures compared to enzymes.
Inorganic catalysts require lower temperatures and pressures compared to enzymes.
What is the thermal stability of enzymes from thermophilic organisms?
What is the thermal stability of enzymes from thermophilic organisms?
What is a metabolic pathway?
What is a metabolic pathway?
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase slows down the reaction rate of biochemical processes.
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase slows down the reaction rate of biochemical processes.
What do you call the chemical that is converted into a product by an enzyme?
What do you call the chemical that is converted into a product by an enzyme?
In skeletal muscle, lactic acid is produced under _____ conditions.
In skeletal muscle, lactic acid is produced under _____ conditions.
Match the following conditions with their corresponding end products in the metabolic pathway:
Match the following conditions with their corresponding end products in the metabolic pathway:
What role does the active site of an enzyme play?
What role does the active site of an enzyme play?
Enzymes remain unchanged after catalyzing a reaction.
Enzymes remain unchanged after catalyzing a reaction.
What is the transient complex formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme called?
What is the transient complex formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme called?
What is the term for the energy required to reach the transition state from the substrate?
What is the term for the energy required to reach the transition state from the substrate?
The substrate (S) can directly convert to the product (P) without going through the transition state.
The substrate (S) can directly convert to the product (P) without going through the transition state.
What is formed when an enzyme binds to a substrate?
What is formed when an enzyme binds to a substrate?
In an exothermic reaction, the product (P) is at a ______ energy level than the substrate (S).
In an exothermic reaction, the product (P) is at a ______ energy level than the substrate (S).
What complex is produced shortly after the substrate binds to the enzyme?
What complex is produced shortly after the substrate binds to the enzyme?
What is the optimum condition for an enzyme's activity?
What is the optimum condition for an enzyme's activity?
High temperatures can preserve enzyme activity.
High temperatures can preserve enzyme activity.
The maximum velocity of an enzymatic reaction is known as ______.
The maximum velocity of an enzymatic reaction is known as ______.
What effect does low temperature have on enzymes?
What effect does low temperature have on enzymes?
An increase in substrate concentration will always lead to an increase in enzymatic reaction velocity.
An increase in substrate concentration will always lead to an increase in enzymatic reaction velocity.
What is the structural change that occurs when a substrate binds to an enzyme?
What is the structural change that occurs when a substrate binds to an enzyme?
What common elements are found in both living tissues and the earth's crust?
What common elements are found in both living tissues and the earth's crust?
The relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen is greater in living organisms than in the earth's crust.
The relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen is greater in living organisms than in the earth's crust.
What is the purpose of grinding living tissue in trichloroacetic acid?
What is the purpose of grinding living tissue in trichloroacetic acid?
Living organisms consist of elements like _____, _____, and several others.
Living organisms consist of elements like _____, _____, and several others.
Which of the following is considered a class of amino acids based on their R group?
Which of the following is considered a class of amino acids based on their R group?
Fatty acids are typically water soluble.
Fatty acids are typically water soluble.
Amino acids containing an ionizable –NH2 and –COOH group can exist in a structure called a ______ form.
Amino acids containing an ionizable –NH2 and –COOH group can exist in a structure called a ______ form.
Match the following amino acids with their classification:
Match the following amino acids with their classification:
Which of the following lipids is characterized by having two fatty acids esterified with glycerol?
Which of the following lipids is characterized by having two fatty acids esterified with glycerol?
Phospholipids are primarily found in cell membranes.
Phospholipids are primarily found in cell membranes.
What feature distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids?
What feature distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids?
Which of the following is classified as a primary metabolite?
Which of the following is classified as a primary metabolite?
Primary metabolites have identifiable functions and play known roles in normal physiological processes.
Primary metabolites have identifiable functions and play known roles in normal physiological processes.
The molecular weight range for secondary metabolites is typically less than ______ daltons.
The molecular weight range for secondary metabolites is typically less than ______ daltons.
What is a characteristic feature of secondary metabolites?
What is a characteristic feature of secondary metabolites?
The ecological importance of secondary metabolites is not currently understood.
The ecological importance of secondary metabolites is not currently understood.
What types of organic compounds make up the acid insoluble fraction?
What types of organic compounds make up the acid insoluble fraction?
What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase?
What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase?
Enzymes can catalyze multiple different reactions.
Enzymes can catalyze multiple different reactions.
What is formed when a substrate binds to the enzyme's active site?
What is formed when a substrate binds to the enzyme's active site?
Under anaerobic conditions in skeletal muscle, _____ is formed from glucose.
Under anaerobic conditions in skeletal muscle, _____ is formed from glucose.
Match the following metabolic end products with their corresponding conditions:
Match the following metabolic end products with their corresponding conditions:
Which of the following describes the role of an enzyme's active site?
Which of the following describes the role of an enzyme's active site?
Enzymes change the equilibrium point of a chemical reaction.
Enzymes change the equilibrium point of a chemical reaction.
What happens to the structure of the substrate during the enzymatic reaction?
What happens to the structure of the substrate during the enzymatic reaction?
What does the energy difference between the stable substrate (S) and the transition state represent?
What does the energy difference between the stable substrate (S) and the transition state represent?
What is the term for the complex formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate?
What is the term for the complex formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate?
The process by which an enzyme catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product is called ______.
The process by which an enzyme catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product is called ______.
What happens to the enzyme after it produces the product?
What happens to the enzyme after it produces the product?
Name one characteristic of a transition state in a chemical reaction.
Name one characteristic of a transition state in a chemical reaction.
The role of enzymes is to stabilize all intermediate states between the substrate and product.
The role of enzymes is to stabilize all intermediate states between the substrate and product.
What happens to an enzyme when the temperature is increased beyond its optimum level?
What happens to an enzyme when the temperature is increased beyond its optimum level?
Enzymes typically function effectively at any temperature and pH.
Enzymes typically function effectively at any temperature and pH.
What is the term used to describe the highest activity point of an enzyme?
What is the term used to describe the highest activity point of an enzyme?
The enzyme returns to its free form after releasing the ______ of the reaction.
The enzyme returns to its free form after releasing the ______ of the reaction.
What happens to the reaction velocity as substrate concentration increases?
What happens to the reaction velocity as substrate concentration increases?
All enzymes can function equally well at high substrate concentrations.
All enzymes can function equally well at high substrate concentrations.
In what form do enzymes return after a catalytic cycle?
In what form do enzymes return after a catalytic cycle?
Which element is found in greater relative abundance in living organisms compared to the earth's crust?
Which element is found in greater relative abundance in living organisms compared to the earth's crust?
The acid-insoluble fraction is where thousands of organic compounds are found.
The acid-insoluble fraction is where thousands of organic compounds are found.
What is the process called that is used to extract organic compounds from living tissue?
What is the process called that is used to extract organic compounds from living tissue?
The method for extracting organic compounds typically involves grinding tissue in __________ acid.
The method for extracting organic compounds typically involves grinding tissue in __________ acid.
What is the main reason why living tissues and the earth's crust consist of the same elements?
What is the main reason why living tissues and the earth's crust consist of the same elements?
Both living organisms and non-living matter have identical elements, though their quantities differ.
Both living organisms and non-living matter have identical elements, though their quantities differ.
What are the two fractions obtained after straining the slurry created from living tissue?
What are the two fractions obtained after straining the slurry created from living tissue?
Flashcards
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Organic compounds with an amino group and an acidic group on the same carbon (alpha-carbon).
Alpha-carbon
Alpha-carbon
The carbon atom in an amino acid that holds both the amino and carboxyl groups.
Fatty Acids
Fatty Acids
Organic compounds with a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon chain.
Saturated Fatty Acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
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Triglycerides
Triglycerides
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Phospholipids
Phospholipids
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Zwitterionic form
Zwitterionic form
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Glycerol
Glycerol
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Primary Metabolites in Animal Tissues
Primary Metabolites in Animal Tissues
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Secondary Metabolites
Secondary Metabolites
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Acid Soluble Pool
Acid Soluble Pool
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Acid Insoluble Fraction
Acid Insoluble Fraction
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Biomolecules
Biomolecules
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Molecular Weight of Biomolecules
Molecular Weight of Biomolecules
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Biomacromolecules
Biomacromolecules
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Importance of secondary metabolites
Importance of secondary metabolites
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Protein Structure
Protein Structure
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Primary Structure
Primary Structure
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Secondary Structure
Secondary Structure
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Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure
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Quaternary Structure
Quaternary Structure
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Active Site
Active Site
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Enzyme
Enzyme
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Ribozyme
Ribozyme
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Starch Structure
Starch Structure
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Cellulose Structure
Cellulose Structure
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Polysaccharide Function
Polysaccharide Function
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Nucleic Acid Building Block
Nucleic Acid Building Block
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Nitrogenous Bases in Nucleic Acids
Nitrogenous Bases in Nucleic Acids
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DNA vs. RNA
DNA vs. RNA
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What is a Nucleotide?
What is a Nucleotide?
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Transition State
Transition State
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Activation Energy
Activation Energy
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Exothermic Reaction
Exothermic Reaction
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Endothermic Reaction
Endothermic Reaction
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Substrate
Substrate
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Enzyme-Substrate Complex (ES)
Enzyme-Substrate Complex (ES)
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Enzyme Inhibition
Enzyme Inhibition
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Competitive Inhibitor
Competitive Inhibitor
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Oxidoreductases
Oxidoreductases
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Transferases
Transferases
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Hydrolases
Hydrolases
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Lyases
Lyases
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Isomerases
Isomerases
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What are enzymes classified by?
What are enzymes classified by?
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What is the difference between living and non-living matter in terms of element composition?
What is the difference between living and non-living matter in terms of element composition?
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What are biomolecules?
What are biomolecules?
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What is the difference between biomolecules and biomacromolecules?
What is the difference between biomolecules and biomacromolecules?
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What is the function of primary metabolites?
What is the function of primary metabolites?
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What are secondary metabolites?
What are secondary metabolites?
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What is the importance of secondary metabolites?
What is the importance of secondary metabolites?
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Amino Acid Structure
Amino Acid Structure
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Fatty Acid Structure
Fatty Acid Structure
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What does 'saturated' mean in fatty acids?
What does 'saturated' mean in fatty acids?
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What does 'unsaturated' mean in fatty acids?
What does 'unsaturated' mean in fatty acids?
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What is the difference between tertiary and quaternary structure?
What is the difference between tertiary and quaternary structure?
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Why is the active site important?
Why is the active site important?
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What is the difference between an enzyme and a ribozyme?
What is the difference between an enzyme and a ribozyme?
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Polymers
Polymers
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Water
Water
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Proteins
Proteins
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Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids
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Enzyme's Power
Enzyme's Power
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Metabolic Pathway
Metabolic Pathway
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Anaerobic vs. Aerobic
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic
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How do enzymes increase speed?
How do enzymes increase speed?
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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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What does an enzyme do to activation energy?
What does an enzyme do to activation energy?
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What is the nature of an enzyme action?
What is the nature of an enzyme action?
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What is the key to the reaction?
What is the key to the reaction?
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Elemental Analysis
Elemental Analysis
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Ash Analysis
Ash Analysis
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Inorganic Constituents
Inorganic Constituents
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Functional Groups
Functional Groups
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Wet Weight vs. Dry Weight
Wet Weight vs. Dry Weight
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Homopolymer
Homopolymer
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Heteropolymer
Heteropolymer
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Essential Amino Acids
Essential Amino Acids
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Non-Essential Amino Acids
Non-Essential Amino Acids
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Protein Functions
Protein Functions
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Collagen
Collagen
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RuBisCO
RuBisCO
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Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide
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Carbonic Anhydrase
Carbonic Anhydrase
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What is the substrate?
What is the substrate?
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ES Complex
ES Complex
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How do enzymes lower activation energy?
How do enzymes lower activation energy?
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What makes the ES complex so important?
What makes the ES complex so important?
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Nucleotide
Nucleotide
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Nitrogenous Bases
Nitrogenous Bases
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Types of Nucleic Acids
Types of Nucleic Acids
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How do enzymes affect activation energy?
How do enzymes affect activation energy?
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Co-factor
Co-factor
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Prosthetic group
Prosthetic group
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What is the importance of metal ions in enzymes?
What is the importance of metal ions in enzymes?
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What happens when a co-factor is removed from an enzyme?
What happens when a co-factor is removed from an enzyme?
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What is the most abundant chemical in living organisms?
What is the most abundant chemical in living organisms?
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What are the functions of primary metabolites?
What are the functions of primary metabolites?
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What is the difference in elemental composition between living and non-living matter?
What is the difference in elemental composition between living and non-living matter?
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What is the acid-soluble pool?
What is the acid-soluble pool?
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What is the acid-insoluble fraction?
What is the acid-insoluble fraction?
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What's elemental analysis?
What's elemental analysis?
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Adenine
Adenine
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Guanine
Guanine
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Cytosine
Cytosine
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Thymine
Thymine
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Uracil
Uracil
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Primary Metabolites
Primary Metabolites
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What are polysaccharides?
What are polysaccharides?
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What is the function of starch?
What is the function of starch?
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What is different about cellulose compared to starch?
What is different about cellulose compared to starch?
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What makes up the cell wall of plants?
What makes up the cell wall of plants?
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What is chitin?
What is chitin?
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What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
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What are the functions of nucleic acids?
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
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N-Terminal Amino Acid
N-Terminal Amino Acid
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C-Terminal Amino Acid
C-Terminal Amino Acid
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Right-Handed Helix
Right-Handed Helix
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What are the four levels of protein structure?
What are the four levels of protein structure?
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What is the difference between N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids?
What is the difference between N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids?
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What determines the function of a protein?
What determines the function of a protein?
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Subunits
Subunits
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How are enzymes classified?
How are enzymes classified?
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What makes enzyme action possible?
What makes enzyme action possible?
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What is the key to enzyme action?
What is the key to enzyme action?
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What are α-amino acids?
What are α-amino acids?
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What are the four substituents in an amino acid?
What are the four substituents in an amino acid?
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What are the R groups in amino acids?
What are the R groups in amino acids?
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What are fatty acids?
What are fatty acids?
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Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
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What is glycerol?
What is glycerol?
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What are triglycerides?
What are triglycerides?
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What are phospholipids?
What are phospholipids?
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What are primary metabolites?
What are primary metabolites?
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Reducing End
Reducing End
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Induced Fit Model
Induced Fit Model
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Optimum Temperature and pH
Optimum Temperature and pH
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Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
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Enzyme Catalysis
Enzyme Catalysis
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Vmax
Vmax
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Metal Ions as Cofactors
Metal Ions as Cofactors
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Importance of Cofactors
Importance of Cofactors
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Elemental Composition of Living Matter
Elemental Composition of Living Matter
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Why are secondary metabolites important?
Why are secondary metabolites important?
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What is a Protein?
What is a Protein?
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What is the purpose of secondary metabolites?
What is the purpose of secondary metabolites?
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What's the difference between primary and secondary metabolites?
What's the difference between primary and secondary metabolites?
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How are biomolecules classified?
How are biomolecules classified?
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Enzyme Stability
Enzyme Stability
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Chemical Reaction
Chemical Reaction
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Rate of Reaction
Rate of Reaction
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Catalyzed vs. Uncatalyzed
Catalyzed vs. Uncatalyzed
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Thermal Stability
Thermal Stability
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What is a catalyst?
What is a catalyst?
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How do enzymes work?
How do enzymes work?
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What happens to enzyme activity at optimal temperature?
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What happens to enzyme activity at high temperatures?
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What happens to enzyme activity at low temperatures?
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What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity?
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What are factors that can affect enzyme activity?
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What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
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What is the zwitterionic form?
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
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What is the active site of an enzyme?
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How does an enzyme accelerate a reaction?
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What is the importance of the active site?
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What happens to enzyme activity with a competitive inhibitor?
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Physical Change
Physical Change
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Catalysts
Catalysts
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Enzymes as Catalysts
Enzymes as Catalysts
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Uncatalyzed vs. Catalyzed
Uncatalyzed vs. Catalyzed
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What is catalysis?
What is catalysis?
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How do enzymes make reactions easier?
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What are the five nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA?
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What is the role of carbohydrates in living organisms?
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Molecular Weight Range
Molecular Weight Range
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What are the 4 main types of biomacromolecules?
What are the 4 main types of biomacromolecules?
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Enzyme-Product Complex
Enzyme-Product Complex
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Optimum Temperature
Optimum Temperature
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Optimum pH
Optimum pH
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Denaturation
Denaturation
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Vmax (Maximum Velocity)
Vmax (Maximum Velocity)
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Collagen: Most Abundant Animal Protein
Collagen: Most Abundant Animal Protein
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RuBisCO: Most Abundant Protein in the Biosphere
RuBisCO: Most Abundant Protein in the Biosphere
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Polysaccharide: Chains of Sugars
Polysaccharide: Chains of Sugars
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Cellulose: Homopolymer of Glucose
Cellulose: Homopolymer of Glucose
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Enzyme Catalysts vs. Inorganic Catalysts
Enzyme Catalysts vs. Inorganic Catalysts
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Thermophilic Enzymes
Thermophilic Enzymes
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Chemical Reaction Definition
Chemical Reaction Definition
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Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
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Catalysts and Reaction Rate
Catalysts and Reaction Rate
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Enzyme Catalysis Example
Enzyme Catalysis Example
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Uncatalyzed vs. Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
Uncatalyzed vs. Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
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What are Nucleic Acids?
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What is an enzyme's role in a reaction?
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What is the Quaternary structure?
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How do different Levels of protein structure relate?
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How do enzymes speed up reactions?
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What is the importance of the ES complex?
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Enzyme Activity
Enzyme Activity
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Substrate Concentration
Substrate Concentration
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Transition State Structure
Transition State Structure
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What are the R-groups?
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
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What is the importance of the 'acid-soluble pool'?
What is the importance of the 'acid-soluble pool'?
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What is the difference between acid-soluble pool and acid-insoluble fraction?
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Why are biomacromolecules important?
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What is the effect of enzymes on activation energy?
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What is the key to enzyme catalysis?
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What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?
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How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
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How does pH affect enzyme activity?
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What is denaturation of an enzyme?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules
- Living organisms are composed of various elements and compounds
- Elemental analysis of plant/animal tissue or microbial paste reveals similar elements (C, H, O, etc.) to those found in Earth's crust.
- However, the relative abundance of C and H is higher in living organisms.
Chemical Composition Analysis
- Chemical analysis of living tissue (e.g., vegetable, liver) is performed, typically by grinding the tissue in trichloroacetic acid.
- This process separates the tissue into two fractions: acid-soluble and acid-insoluble.
- Scientists have identified thousands of organic compounds within the acid-soluble fraction.
Lipids
- Generally water insoluble
- Consists of a carboxyl group attached to an R group (e.g., methyl, ethyl, CH₂ groups)
- Classified as saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds) based on the number of carbon atoms in the R group.
- Examples include glycerol, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides (fats/oils), phospholipids and diverse lipids in neural tissues.
Carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides are long sugar chains (e.g. cellulose, glycogen, inulin).
- Contain different monosaccharides as building blocks (e.g., glucose).
- In some cases, the chain has a branching structure.
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Description
Explore the essential biomolecules that compose living organisms, focusing on their elemental analysis and chemical composition. This quiz covers the classification of lipids and their characteristics, including saturated and unsaturated types. Test your knowledge about the different organic compounds found in living tissues.
