Biomolecules and Central Dogma Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the 5' carbon in pentose sugar during DNA replication?

It helps differentiate between ribose and deoxyribose.

It is where the phosphate group attaches to the sugar. (correct)

It signals the end of the DNA strand.

It indicates where the nitrogenous base attaches.

Which structure characterizes RNA compared to DNA?

Double-stranded helical structure.

Has the same sugar as DNA.

Single strand of nucleotides. (correct)

Contains thymine as a nitrogenous base.

In the context of DNA replication, what does semiconservative replication mean?

Both strands of the original DNA remain with each other.

Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly synthesized strand. (correct)

DNA is completely fragmented before replication.

Only one new strand is formed from each original strand.

What informational role does RNA serve in the cell?

It delivers instructions from DNA to produce proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which base pairing occurs between the nitrogenous bases in RNA?

G pairs with C and A pairs with U. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biomolecules is primarily responsible for providing stored energy reserves?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs when two monomers combine to form a dimer?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Which bond is formed between monosaccharides in carbohydrates?

Glycosidic bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proteins in the body?

To form new bones and muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is true?

They are the blueprint for genetic structure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural component that constitutes proteins?

Amino Acids Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly differentiates lipids from the other biomolecules?

Lipids do not have monomers. Signup and view all the answers

What process reverses a dehydration reaction to break down polymers?

Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about monosaccharides is NOT true?

They are typically composed of 5-10 carbon atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes unsaturated lipids from saturated lipids?

Unsaturated lipids have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of phospholipids?

They have a polar phosphate group and two fatty acid chains. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the functions of carbohydrates is accurate?

Carbohydrates play a structural role in the cell wall of plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of saturated lipids?

They contribute to high blood pressure when consumed excessively. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

Serves as long-term energy storage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the building block of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biopolymers is formed by condensation reactions of monosaccharides?

Polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What defines the primary structure of a protein?

The linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a component of a nucleotide?

Nitrogenous base Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes RNA from DNA at the second carbon of the sugar component?

RNA contains a hydroxyl group, DNA contains a hydrogen atom Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Chargaff's rules in DNA structure?

They indicate relative amounts of nucleotides in DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is associated with the tertiary level of protein folding?

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the pairing of nucleotides in DNA?

Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine Signup and view all the answers

What element is NOT a component of nucleic acids?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of DNA proposed by Watson and Crick?

DNA consists of a double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biomolecules and the Central Dogma of Life

Biomolecules are naturally occurring molecules in organisms, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
These molecules play roles in maintenance and metabolic processes.
Biomolecules are usually obtained from food
Carbon is the most versatile element, found in all biomolecules.
Other elements include Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Sodium, Calcium, and Magnesium
Atoms combine to form larger molecules: atoms --> molecules --> macromolecules
Macromolecules are very large molecules made up of thousands of atoms connected covalently.

Functions of Biomolecules

Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy.
Lipids provide stored energy reserves when carbohydrates are unavailable.
Proteins help in building bones, muscles, and fight diseases.
Nucleic acids are involved in storing and transmitting genetic information, controlling cell processes.

Breaking of Macromolecules

Macromolecules can be broken down (hydrolyzed) to monomers (smaller units).
Polymers are formed by joining monomers.
Monomers, such as glucose, are building blocks for other larger molecules.

Types of Macromolecules

Carbohydrates: Made of monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose).
Proteins: Made of amino acids (e.g., Alanine, glycine).
Nucleic acids: Made of nucleotides (e.g., adenine, guanine).
Lipids: Made of fatty acids.

Lipids

Lipids are hydrophobic (water-repelling).
Lipids are important for energy storage, cell structure (phospholipids), and hormones (steroids).

Proteins

Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
They have complex structures (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) which determine their function.
Function as enzymes, hormones, structural components, and more.

Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
DNA stores genetic information.
RNA plays roles in protein synthesis and other cellular processes.
Nucleotides have a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and a phosphate group.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA.
Translation is the process of decoding RNA into a protein.
Replication is the process of making copies of DNA.

DNA Replication

DNA replication is semi-conservative.
Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

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Description

Test your knowledge on biomolecules and their essential roles in life processes. This quiz covers carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, along with their functions and significance in metabolism. Dive deep into the structural and functional aspects of these vital macromolecules.