Biomolecules and Cellular Processes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Match the following biomolecules with their characteristics:

Carbohydrates = Primary source of energy, can be stored as glycogen Lipids = Hydrophobic molecules mainly used for energy storage Proteins = Polymers of amino acids, essential for biological functions Nucleic Acids = Store and transfer genetic information

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

DNA replication = Process of copying the genetic material Transcription = Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template Translation = Conversion of RNA into a sequence of amino acids Cellular respiration = Process to convert biochemical energy into ATP

Match the following components of a human cell with their functions:

Mitochondria = Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP Nucleus = Contains genetic material Cytoplasm = Fluid that fills the cell and houses organelles Cell membrane = Protects the cell and regulates entry and exit of substances

Match the following types of carbohydrates with their categories:

<p>Glucose = Monosaccharides Sucrose = Disaccharides Raffinose = Oligosaccharides Starch = Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lipids with their types:

<p>Triglycerides = Energy storage lipid Cholesterol = Structural component of cell membranes Phospholipids = Form the lipid bilayer of cell membranes Steroids = Lipids that act as signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following energy production pathways with their characteristics:

<p>Glycolysis = Breakdown of glucose to produce ATP Krebs cycle = Produces electron carriers for the electron transport chain Electron transport chain = Generates the majority of ATP in cellular respiration Fermentation = Anaerobic process to produce energy without oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following enzymes with their functions:

<p>Amylase = Breaks down carbohydrates Protease = Digests proteins Lipase = Breaks down fats DNA polymerase = Synthesizes new DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following definitions with their terms:

<p>Biochemistry = Study of chemical substances and vital processes in living organisms Bioreactor = Complex unit that performs essential life processes ATP = Main energy currency in biological systems Cofactors = Non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in their activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their roles in protein synthesis:

<p>mRNA = Carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome Ribosome = Site of protein synthesis Amino Acid = Building blocks of proteins Codon = Three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following codons with their corresponding amino acids:

<p>AAA = Phenylalanine CCT = Glycine AGU = Serine AUG = Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Central Dogma = Flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein Initiation Codon = Start codon that signals the beginning of translation Peptide Bond = Link between two amino acids in a protein Elongation = Process of adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following roles with the corresponding molecules:

<p>DNA = Contains the genetic blueprint RNA = Translates genetic information into proteins Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) = Structural component of ribosomes Messenger RNA (mRNA) = Conveys genetic information from DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps of translation with their descriptions:

<p>Initiation = Ribosome assembles around the start codon Elongation = Amino acids are added one by one to the polypeptide chain Termination = Process ends when a stop codon is reached Release = Polypeptide is released from the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following molecular biology concepts with their origins:

<p>Transcription = RNA synthesis from a DNA template Translation = Protein synthesis based on mRNA sequence Gene = Unit of heredity within a DNA molecule Codon = Three nucleotides that specify an amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists with their contributions:

<p>Francis Crick = First stated the central dogma of molecular biology James Watson = Co-discovered the DNA double helix structure Gregor Mendel = Father of genetics, studied inheritance patterns Marshall Nirenberg = Decoded the genetic code for amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of lipids with their characteristics:

<p>Fatty acids = Building blocks of triglycerides and phospholipids Sterols = Includes cholesterol and steroid hormones Triglycerides = Three fatty acid molecules attached to glycerol Phospholipids = Major component of cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of amino acids with their descriptions:

<p>Essential amino acids = Cannot be synthesized by the body Non-essential amino acids = Can be synthesized by the body Hydrophilic amino acids = Interact well with water Hydrophobic amino acids = Repel water and are typically found in protein interiors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the nucleic acids with their key characteristics:

<p>DNA = Double stranded with deoxyribose sugar RNA = Single stranded with ribose sugar Nucleotide = Basic structural unit of nucleic acids Nitrogenous bases = Includes adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of nucleotides with their descriptions:

<p>Phosphate group = Negatively charged component of nucleotides Pentose sugar = Five-carbon sugar found in nucleotides Nitrogenous base = Component that carries genetic information Phosphodiester linkage = Bond joining nucleotides in DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of RNA with their respective functions:

<p>mRNA = Carries genetic instructions from DNA tRNA = Transports amino acids to ribosomes rRNA = Forms the structural component of ribosomes snRNA = Involved in RNA splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following minerals with their physiological relevance:

<p>Sodium = Regulates fluid balance Potassium = Essential for muscle and nerve function Calcium = Vital for bone health Iron = Crucial for oxygen transport in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the proteins with their primary functions:

<p>Enzymes = Catalyze biochemical reactions Structural proteins = Provide support and shape to cells Transport proteins = Carry substances in the body Antibodies = Defend against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of codons with their definitions:

<p>Start codon = Initiates protein synthesis Stop codon = Terminates protein synthesis Silent codon = Does not alter the amino acid produced Nonsense codon = Introduces a premature stop signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following facts about DNA with their details:

<p>Double helix = Structure formed by two polynucleotide strands Complementary base pairing = A pairs with T and C pairs with G Sugar-phosphate backbone = Formed from alternating sugars and phosphates Hydrogen bonds = Hold the two strands of DNA together</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions of co-factors with the examples:

<p>Haem = Forms a complex with Fe2+ in hemoglobin Glutathione = Acts as an antioxidant Vitamins = Essential for various biochemical processes Minerals = Required for enzyme actions and functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their effects:

<p>Epigenetic factors = Influence skin repair and response to UV radiation Downregulation = Reduces protein or RNA production Upregulation = Increases the gene product production Enzymes = Speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the enzymes with their characteristics:

<p>Globular proteins = Act as biological catalysts Cofactors = Compounds required for enzyme activity Molecular weight of enzymes = Ranging from 10,000 to 2,000,000 Da Reaction acceleration = Enzymes alter the rate of chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following products with their epigenetic effects:

<p>Green tea polyphenols = Epigenetic effect on antioxidant activity Soy isoflavones = Influence skin response to UV radiation Curcumin = Support skin repair Vitamin A = Contributes to epigenetic modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the points of gene regulation with their mechanisms:

<p>Gene expression regulation = Involves upregulation and downregulation Epigenetic chemicals = Attach to DNA affecting gene activation Protein production = Affected by the epigenome External stimulus = Triggers downregulation of gene products</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to enzymes:

<p>Biological catalysts = Regulate the rate of biochemical reactions Not changed = Enzymes are not consumed in reactions Reactants = Chemicals that enzymes act upon Activation energy = Enzymes lower the energy required for reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following influences on gene expression with their categories:

<p>Skin repair = Influenced by epigenetic factors UV radiation response = Connection to epigenetics Cofactors = Essential for enzyme function Regulation of gene expression = Involves various mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of gene regulation with their corresponding actions:

<p>Upregulation = Enhancing expression of genes Downregulation = Reducing expression of genes Gene activation = Chemicals marking DNA Enzyme function = Catalyzing biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of enzyme specificity with their definitions:

<p>Absolute specificity = Enzyme catalyzes only one reaction Group specificity = Enzyme acts on molecules with specific functional groups Linkage specificity = Enzyme acts on a particular type of chemical bond Stereochemical specificity = Enzyme acts on specific steric or optical isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of enzymes with their functions:

<p>Hydrolases = Add water during hydrolysis reactions Oxidases = Add oxygen Transferases = Move functional groups between molecules Lipases = Break down fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps of enzyme activity with their descriptions:

<p>Locating the substrate = Enzyme finds the substance at its active site Forming the enzyme-substrate complex = Internal rearrangement forms the product Releasing the product = Product is released, and enzyme is free to act again Active site specificity = Shape of reactants must fit the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors affecting enzyme activity with their descriptions:

<p>Temperature = Enzymes work optimally at about 37°C in mammals pH = Each enzyme has an optimal pH range for activity Concentration = Rate of reaction increases with enzyme and substrate concentration Denaturation = Extreme conditions can lead to enzyme shape change and loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following enzyme classification suffixes with their corresponding enzyme types:

<p>-ase = Indicates an enzyme -olase = Specifically refers to oxidoreductases -hydrolase = Refers to enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis -lipase = Specifically breaks down fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories of enzyme action with their descriptions:

<p>Lock and Key Theory = Active site shape must fit substrate like a key in a lock Induced Fit Model = Active site undergoes change to fit substrate Enzyme specificity = Determines which reactions are catalyzed Enzyme turnover = Rate at which enzymes catalyze reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of enzymes with their substrate targets:

<p>Proteases = Break down proteins Amylases = Break down carbohydrates Lactases = Break down lactose Nucleases = Break down nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following enzyme activity conditions with their effects:

<p>Optimal temperature = Enzymes function efficiently at specific temperatures Extreme temperatures = Can cause denaturation of enzymes Optimal pH = Maintains enzyme shape and function Substrate saturation = Maximizes enzyme activity rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the enzyme components with their descriptions:

<p>Inhibitors = Substances that alter enzyme action Cofactors = Assist enzymes in catalysis Centrioles = Organize microtubules in animal cells Lysosomes = Digestive system of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of cellular respiration with their functions:

<p>Electron transport chain = Generates the majority of cellular ATP Mitochondria = Powerhouse of the cell Peroxisomes = Involved in lipid biosynthesis Smooth ER = Synthesizes hormones and metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of endoplasmic reticulum with their functions:

<p>Rough ER = Protein synthesis and modifications Smooth ER = Production of lipids and detoxification Golgi apparatus = Processes and sorts proteins Vacuoles = Store waste materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following compounds with their characteristics:

<p>ATP = Main energy currency in the body Co-enzyme Q10 = Fat soluble compound in mitochondria Cyanide = Irreversible enzyme inhibitor Cholesterol = Synthesized in peroxisomes and ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell organelles with their primary roles:

<p>Nucleus = Cell's control center Mitochondria = Breaks down glucose for energy Lysosomes = Digest obsolete cellular components Centrioles = Help with cell structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lipids with their functions:

<p>Glycolipids = Component of cell membranes Sphingomyelin = Involved in cell signaling and structure Cholesterol = Maintains membrane fluidity Phospholipids = Forms the lipid bilayer of cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their locations:

<p>Protein synthesis = Occurs in Rough ER Energy generation = Takes place in mitochondria Lipid biosynthesis = Occurs in Smooth ER and peroxisomes Protein sorting = Function of the Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biochemistry

The study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms.

Human Cell

A complex system within a cell that performs all the essential processes for an organism's survival, growth, and reproduction.

Carbohydrates

A type of biomolecule that serves as the primary source of energy in the body. They are water-soluble and can be stored in the form of glycogen.

Lipids

A group of organic molecules that are primarily hydrophobic and consist of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids.

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Triglycerides

A type of lipid that serves as the primary energy storage molecule in the body and is found in animal fats and vegetable oils.

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Cholesterol

A type of lipid that is crucial for cell membrane structure and hormone production.

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Phospholipids

A type of lipid that forms cell membranes. They have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

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DNA

A complex biomolecule that carries genetic information and is essential for the replication and transcription of DNA.

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Transcription

The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA.

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Translation

The process of translating the information encoded in RNA into a polypeptide chain.

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Central Dogma

The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It's a fundamental principle in molecular biology.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a copy of a gene that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

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Ribosomes

Ribosomes are cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis.

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Codon

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid.

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Initiation Codon

The initiation codon (AUG) signals the start of protein synthesis.

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Amino acids

The building blocks of peptides and proteins. They have an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a variable R-group.

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Peptides

Chains of amino acids linked together. They are shorter than proteins.

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Proteins

Large, complex molecules made up of long chains of amino acids. They have a globular structure with hydrophobic chains inside and hydrophilic chains outside.

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ATP

A molecule that is a primary source of energy in cells. It is made up of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base.

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Nucleic acids

Molecules that carry genetic information. They are made up of nucleotides.

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Nucleotides

The basic building blocks of nucleic acids. They are made up of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base.

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Downregulation

The process where a cell decreases the production of a specific gene product (RNA or protein) in response to a signal.

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Upregulation

The process where a cell increases the production of a specific gene product (RNA or protein) in response to a signal.

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Genome

The complete set of genetic information within an organism.

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Epigenetic factors

Chemical compounds that attach to the DNA and alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

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Enzyme

A molecule that speeds up a biological reaction without being changed in the process.

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Cofactors

Non-protein molecules that enzymes need to function.

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Epigenetics

The study of how the environment can change gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

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Epigenome

The chemical modifications that attach to the DNA and control gene expression.

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What are enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process.

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Are enzymes specific?

Each enzyme typically catalyzes a specific reaction or a group of related reactions.

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What is the active site?

The active site is a region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction takes place.

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What is the lock and key model?

The lock and key model proposes that the shape of the active site and the substrate must match perfectly for the reaction to occur.

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What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

The enzyme-substrate complex is a temporary intermediate formed when the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme.

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What factors affect enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration can all affect enzyme activity.

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What is optimal temperature and pH?

Enzymes work best at their optimal temperature and pH, which are specific for each enzyme.

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How does substrate concentration affect reaction rate?

As the substrate concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases until it reaches a maximum point where all enzyme active sites are saturated.

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What is an enzyme inhibitor?

A substance that slows down or stops the activity of an enzyme by changing its catalytic action. Can be reversible or irreversible.

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What are enzyme cofactors?

Small molecules that help enzymes function properly. They can be organic or inorganic.

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What is ATP, and what is its role?

The main energy currency of the body. It stores energy derived from food in its bonds.

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What is cellular respiration?

A series of reactions that break down glucose in the presence of oxygen, releasing energy in the form of ATP.

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What is Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) and where is it found?

A lipid-soluble molecule found in all eukaryotic cells. It's part of the electron transport chain, which is involved in generating energy.

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What are centrioles?

Barrel-shaped organelles in animal cells that help organize microtubules, which make up the cell's skeleton.

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What are lysosomes?

Organelles in animal cells that contain enzymes for breaking down materials like waste and obsolete cellular components.

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What are vacuoles?

Organelles in animal cells that store waste and other cellular components.

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Study Notes

Principles of Biochemistry

  • Topics covered include DNA replication and transcription, enzymes and cofactors, ATP, and energy production.
  • Lectures are based on those of Caroline Searing.
  • The lectures cover the introduction to biochemistry, definitions, structure of an animal cell, and the human cell as a complex bioreactor.
  • The human cell is a complex "reactor" essential for survival, growth, and reproduction.

Introduction

  • Many cosmetic products aim to affect skin biochemistry by influencing biochemical processes.
  • Some products claim to supply compounds needed for aging, and others to alter cellular processes.
  • Understanding biochemistry principles is key to appreciating the mechanisms of action of cosmetic products.

What is Biochemistry?

  • Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances and vital processes in living organisms.

Structure of an Animal Cell

  • A diagram of an animal cell shows the various organelles:
    • Mitochondria
    • Cell membrane
    • Nucleus
    • Ribosomes
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
    • Golgi complex
    • Lysosomes
    • Peroxisomes
    • Vacuoles
    • Centrioles

Biomolecules - Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
  • The major role is to provide energy as glycogen in liver and muscles.
  • Carbohydrates are water-soluble and present in cytoplasmic and extracellular spaces.

Biomolecules - Lipids

  • Lipids are mostly hydrophobic chemical moieties.
  • Major lipid types include triglycerides, phospholipids, ceramides, cholesterol, testosterone, and oestrogen.

Biomolecules - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

  • There are 21 types of amino acids in humans; nine are essential.
  • Amino acids have characteristic amine and carboxylic acid groups, plus variable R-groups.
  • Proteins are formed from linked amino acids in a specific order, and have various 3D structures.
  • Proteins have diverse functions in the body.

Biomolecules – Other Small Molecules

  • Essential biomolecules not carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins (e.g. Vitamins, Minerals, ATP, Hormones).
  • Biomolecules essential for specific human function,
  • Some can be synthesised, others must be obtained through diet.

Biomolecules - Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
  • Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

Nucleotides

  • Nucleotides are made up of three components: phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base.

The Nitrogenous Bases

  • There are five different nitrogen-containing bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U).
  • A and G are purines, C, T, and U are pyrimidines.

DNA

  • DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix.
  • The two strands are joined by hydrogen bonds.
  • Bases pair specifically (A with T, C with G).
  • DNA is the main genetic information storage.

RNA

  • RNA is single-stranded.
  • The sugar in RNA is ribose, not deoxyribose found in DNA.
  • RNA contains the bases A, U, C, and G instead of A, T, C, and G from DNA.
  • Different types of RNA (e.g. tRNA, rRNA, mRNA) have specific roles.

Summary – DNA vs RNA

  • Key differences between RNA and DNA are tabulated for easy comparison.
  • RNA carries out directions for protein synthesis, and DNA is the genetic material.

DNA → RNA → amino acids

  • DNA is the blueprint for protein synthesis in cells.
  • Genes are DNA segments that code for polypeptide chains with three-base codon sequences to encode amino acids
  • Processes include transcription (DNA's information encoded into RNA) and translation (decoding and using RNA to assemble polypeptides)

The central dogma of molecular biology

  • DNA -> RNA -> Protein is the flow of genetic information in biological systems, first stated by Crick in 1958.
  • Transcription creates RNA from DNA, and translation produces proteins from RNA

Transcription – RNA synthesis

  • DNA does not leave the nucleus; RNA carries the needed code from DNA to the cytoplasm.
  • Transcription is the process of copying a gene from DNA to messenger RNA(mRNA)

Translation – protein synthesis

  • mRNA is translated into proteins by ribosomes that use tRNA.
  • tRNA links the correct amino acids during translation.

Mechanism of Enzyme Activity

  • Enzymes are globular proteins that catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy.
  • There are three basic steps in enzyme activity: finding substrate, forming complex, and releasing products,

Lock and Key Theory

  • The enzyme's active site has a specific shape that only fits a particular substrate, like a lock and key.
  • This 'lock-and-key' fit is essential for catalysis.

Factors affecting enzyme activity

  • Temperature: Changes in temperature can affect an enzyme's activity and their ability to work.
  • pH: Enzymes function optimally in a specific pH range.
  • Concentration: Enzyme or substrate concentration affects the speed of a reaction.
  • Inhibition: Enzyme inhibitors slow or stop catalysis.

Enzyme Cofactors

  • Many enzymes require cofactors (like vitamins or minerals) for function.
  • These cofactors bind with the enzyme to assist its activity.

Enzymes and collagen synthesis

  • Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body; it is mainly found in connective tissue including skin, bones, tendons and ligaments.
  • Collagen synthesise requires specific enzymes.
  • Iron and ascorbate are important elements in the collagen synthesis process

ATP and Energy Production

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency in the body.
  • Food energy is stored in ATP's chemical bonds.
  • ATP releases energy when a phosphate bond is broken.

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration is the biological process converting glucose into ATP, with mitochondria playing a key role.
  • Major steps include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Co-enzyme Q10 (ubiquinone)

  • Co-enzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble molecule.
  • It is part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria.
  • It is important in energy production.

Components of an Animal Cell

  • Different organelles have various functions essential to a cell's operation including centrioles, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulums (smooth and rough), Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, nucleus.

Genome vs. Epigenome

  • The genome is the complete set of an organism's genetic information (DNA).
  • The epigenome is made up of chemical modifications to the genome, which changes gene expression.
  • Epigenetic factors do not change the DNA, but change how the body uses DNA's information.

Epigenetics Continued

  • Epigenetic factors can influence skin functions.
  • Several products are shown to modulate epigenetic effects.

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Test your knowledge on various biomolecules, cellular functions, and molecular biology concepts. This quiz includes matching processes with their characteristics and identifying components of human cells. Dive into the world of biochemistry and protein synthesis!

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