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Questions and Answers
What is one reason animals are used in biomedical research?
What is one reason animals are used in biomedical research?
What are the three principles proposed for ethical guidelines in animal research?
What are the three principles proposed for ethical guidelines in animal research?
What significant legislation regarding animal research was enacted in 1966?
What significant legislation regarding animal research was enacted in 1966?
Which organization published guidelines on the humane care and use of laboratory animals in 1986?
Which organization published guidelines on the humane care and use of laboratory animals in 1986?
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What does the principle of Replacement refer to in animal research?
What does the principle of Replacement refer to in animal research?
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What is the primary goal of reduction in animal experimentation?
What is the primary goal of reduction in animal experimentation?
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Which principle from the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the necessity of voluntary consent from human subjects?
Which principle from the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the necessity of voluntary consent from human subjects?
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Which Nuremberg Principle highlights the importance of scientific qualification for those conducting experiments?
Which Nuremberg Principle highlights the importance of scientific qualification for those conducting experiments?
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The principle stating that experiments should not have a risk greater than the humanitarian importance is found in which Nuremberg Principle?
The principle stating that experiments should not have a risk greater than the humanitarian importance is found in which Nuremberg Principle?
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Which of the following describes the refinement principle in animal experimentation?
Which of the following describes the refinement principle in animal experimentation?
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Study Notes
Biomedical Experimentation with Animals
- Scientists utilize animals for biomedical research due to biological similarities; for instance, mice share over 98% of their DNA with humans.
- Animals experience many of the same health issues as humans, including cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.
History of Animal Research Legislation in the US
- 1960: Federal legislation proposed requiring licensing for individual animal researchers, inspired by the Animal Welfare Institute.
- 1963: The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by NIH, revised multiple times until 1996.
- 1966: The Laboratory Animal Welfare Act enacted due to public outcry from Life magazine; later renamed the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) after amendments.
- 1985: Health Research Extension Act mandated NIH to establish research animal use guidelines.
- 1986: PHS published the policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, extending guidelines to PHS-funded institutions.
- 2010: Publication of the 8th edition of the Guide by the National Academy of Sciences, reflecting broad acceptance among research institutions.
Ethical Guidelines in Animal Research
- Introduced by William Russell and Rex Burch, the 3 R’s principles guide humane animal use in biomedical research:
- Replacement: Encourage methods that completely avoid or substitute animals; e.g., using computer models.
- Reduction: Minimize the number of animals used while ensuring statistically significant results.
- Refinement: Optimize experimental and housing conditions to be as humane as possible.
Biomedical Experimentation with Humans
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Nuremberg Principles outline essential ethical standards for human experimentation:
- Voluntary Consent: Participants must provide informed and voluntary consent without coercion.
- Social Value: Research should yield socially beneficial results not achievable through other research methods.
- Scientific Validity: Experiments must be grounded in prior animal research and knowledge of the health issue.
- Minimize Suffering: Avoid unnecessary physical and mental distress to participants.
- Risk Assessment: Do not conduct experiments unless there is no reason to believe they could cause severe harm or death.
- Risk Justification: Degree of risk must align with the humanitarian significance of the research.
- Safety Measures: Provide adequate safeguards to protect participants from harm.
- Qualified Personnel: Experiments should only be conducted by those with scientific qualifications.
- Right to Withdraw: Participants can discontinue their involvement at any point if it becomes intolerable.
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Description
Explore the ethical considerations and the importance of animal models in biomedical research. This quiz covers why scientists use animals for experimentation, the biological similarities to humans, and implications for human trials. Enhance your understanding of the role of biomedical experimentation in advancing medical science.
