Biomechanics of Torque and Moment Arms

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Questions and Answers

If the moment arm of Force W was increased to 15 cm, what would the new torque be?

  • 320 Nâ‹…cm
  • 280 Nâ‹…cm
  • 200 Nâ‹…cm
  • 300 Nâ‹…cm (correct)

Imagine the forearm weight is doubled. What would the new torque be if the moment arm remained at 13cm?

  • 1040 Nâ‹…cm
  • 260 Nâ‹…cm
  • 520 Nâ‹…cm (correct)
  • 130 Nâ‹…cm

If the forearm was held at a different angle, such as 45 degrees, would the moment arm of Force W need to be adjusted?

  • No, because the moment arm is always measured perpendicular to the line of action of the force, which remains constant regardless of the angle of the forearm.
  • No, because the moment arm is the distance to the center of the forearm, which remains constant regardless of the angle of the forearm.
  • Yes, because the moment arm is the distance to a point on the force vector, which changes with the angle of the forearm.
  • Yes, because the moment arm is the distance to the line of action of the force, which changes with the angle of the forearm. (correct)

What would be the torque if the forearm was rotated 90 degrees so that Force W was pointing directly towards the axis of rotation?

<p>0 Nâ‹…cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the biceps muscle was contracting, and Force B was 50N with a moment arm of 5cm, what would the net torque acting on the forearm be?

<p>110 Nâ‹…cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why a larger moment arm for the biceps is advantageous in this scenario?

<p>It increases the torque generated by the biceps, requiring less muscle force. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the possible decrease in range of motion (ROM) when the moment arm of the biceps is increased?

<p>The insertion point of the biceps is further away from the axis of rotation, potentially limiting the joint's ability to fully extend. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial value of the moment arm for the biceps muscle before the surgical procedure?

<p>5 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations accurately represents the force balance equation used to calculate the force required by the biceps muscle?

<p>Force B x 6.5 cm - Force W x 13 cm - Force R x 30 cm = 0 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the calculated force required by the biceps muscle after the surgical procedure, to maintain equilibrium?

<p>316.92 N (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net torque acting on the system?

<p>0 N*cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the magnitude of the torque created by force W?

<p>312 N*cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the force W is doubled, what would be the new force exerted by the biceps?

<p>104 N (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the distance from the pivot point to force B is increased, how would the force required from the biceps change?

<p>Decrease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In this scenario, which of the following would be considered the 'lever arm'?

<p>The distance from force B to the pivot point (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the discrepancy between the two calculations of Force B in the provided content?

<p>The second calculation correctly accounts for the moment arm of Force W, while the first calculation does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the person were to hold a heavier object in their hand, without changing the position of their arm, how would this affect the force exerted by the biceps muscle?

<p>The force exerted by the biceps muscle would increase to counterbalance the increased weight. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided information, if the person were to move their hand closer to the elbow joint, reducing the moment arm for Force W, which of the following would be the most likely effect on Force B?

<p>Force B would decrease as the moment arm of Force W decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assume that the person were to shift the position of their arm such that the distance from the elbow joint to the weight is doubled. How would this affect the force exerted by the biceps muscle to maintain equilibrium?

<p>Force B would need to be doubled to maintain equilibrium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the person were to extend their arm fully, essentially straightening it, what would be the most likely impact on the system's equilibrium?

<p>The system would become unstable, as the moment arm of Force W would drastically increase, leading to an imbalance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the length of the forearm was reduced while maintaining the weight and the position of the insertion point of the biceps, what would happen to the required force by the biceps?

<p>The force required by the biceps would increase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assuming the weight and the moment arms remain constant, what would be the effect on the required force by the biceps if the insertion point of the biceps is moved back to its original position?

<p>The force required by the biceps would decrease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the weight of the object held in the hand is doubled, what would happen to the required force by the biceps? Assume that the moment arms of all forces remain constant.

<p>The force required by the biceps would be doubled. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 3rd class lever is characterized by which of the following?

<p>The resistance is applied between the force and the axis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between force, resistance, and axis in a 2nd class lever?

<p>The resistance is located between the force and the axis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the biceps muscle is unable to contract, and the moment arm of the forearm remains the same, to maintain equilibrium, what would need to change?

<p>The weight must be decreased. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the effect on the required force by the biceps if the weight is held at a different angle, such as 45 degrees, assuming the moment arm of the biceps remains the same?

<p>The force required by the biceps will increase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a 1st class lever, the axis of rotation is located ______.

<p>Between the force and the resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an individual is performing a bicep curl, which lever class is being utilized?

<p>Third Class (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the weight of the object (Force R) was decreased to 130 N, and the moment arm of the biceps remained at 5 cm, what would be the new force exerted by the biceps (Force B) to maintain equilibrium?

<p>206 N (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assume that the person is able to increase the force exerted by the biceps muscle (Force B) by 20%. What would the new moment arm for the biceps need to be in order to maintain equilibrium with the original weight (Force R = 260 N)?

<p>4.17 cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about a lever system?

<p>The force applied is always smaller than the resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine the forearm weight (Force W) is doubled, but the moment arm of the biceps remains at 5 cm. What new force would be required from the biceps to maintain equilibrium?

<p>728 N (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios best exemplifies Newton's Third Law of Motion?

<p>A car accelerating quickly from a stop sign, pushing against the road with its tires. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the moment arm of Force W is increased to 15 cm, how would the force exerted by the biceps muscle (Force B) need to change to maintain equilibrium? Assume the weight (Force R) remains at 260 N.

<p>Increase by 20% (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose the person is holding the weight in their hand, and the system is in equilibrium. Now, they decide to rotate their forearm, so that the angle between their forearm and the upper arm is 90 degrees. Assuming the weight (Force R) and the moment arm for the biceps remain the same, what happens to the moment arm (Force W)?

<p>It decreases to 0 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario does inertia play the most significant role?

<p>A heavy rock resting on a table, remaining motionless until someone pushes it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the concept of momentum in action?

<p>A bowling ball striking pins, transferring energy and causing them to fall. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios would be most affected by the force of friction?

<p>A hockey puck gliding across a sheet of ice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates how Newton's Second Law of Motion applies in everyday life?

<p>Person pushing a heavy box across a room. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Torque

The rotational effect of a force around an axis.

Force W

The weight of the forearm acting downward.

Moment arm

The distance from the axis of rotation to the force line.

Force B

The force exerted by the biceps muscle to maintain position.

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Static equilibrium

A state where all forces and torques balance.

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Equilibrium

A state where all forces acting on an object are balanced, resulting in no movement.

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Calculating Torque

Torque is calculated as force multiplied by moment arm distance.

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Tradeoff in Moment Arm

Increasing the moment arm can ease force but may affect range of motion.

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Law of Inertia

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a force.

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Force B Calculation

Using the formula to find the force exerted by the biceps based on moment arm lengths.

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Tradeoff of Increased Moment Arm

Greater moment arm reduces force required but may limit range of motion.

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Force Equilibrium Equation

A mathematical expression where the sum of forces equals zero in a static system.

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Newton's 1st Law of Motion

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion unless acted upon by a force.

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Newton's 2nd Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object depends on its mass and the force applied, expressed as F=ma.

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Newton's 3rd Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.

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Momentum

The quantity of motion an object has, dependent on its mass and velocity.

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Equilibrium Condition

The state where the sum of all forces and moments acting on an object is zero.

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Moment Equilibrium Equation

An equation that describes the balance of moments acting about a pivot point.

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Distance from pivot

The distance from the pivot point to where the force is applied, affecting torque calculation.

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Isolating Force B

The process of solving for Force B using algebra from the torque equation.

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Final Force B value

The calculated outcome of the force exerted by the biceps, found to be 52 N.

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Sum of torques

The total of all clockwise and counterclockwise torques must equal zero for equilibrium.

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Moment arm for Force B

The distance from the point of rotation to the line of action of Force B, measured as 5 cm.

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First Class Lever

A lever where the fulcrum is between the effort and the load, like a seesaw in playgrounds.

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Second Class Lever

A lever where the load is between the fulcrum and the effort, such as a wheelbarrow.

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Third Class Lever

A lever where the effort is between the fulcrum and the load, like a bicep curl.

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Lever Advantage

The benefit provided by levers, such as balance, force, or speed/ROM.

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Resistance in Levers

The weight or load that the lever must overcome to perform an action.

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Study Notes

Calculating Joint Reaction Forces in Static Equilibrium

  • Static equilibrium means the system is not moving
  • All torques applied around the elbow joint sum to 0
  • Torque = force x distance
  • Forces in opposite directions must be equal for equilibrium
  • Force W = weight of the forearm
  • Force B = force applied by the biceps
  • Force W is applied with a moment arm of 13 cm
  • Force B is applied with a moment arm of 5 cm
  • If the forearm weighs 20N, what is the torque applied by the weight of the forearm?
  • Torque = 20N x 13 cm = 260 N*cm

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