Biomechanics Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

How does angular momentum relate to the motion of an object, considering the example of a football spiral?

  • It is a measure of the object's potential energy converted into rotational motion.
  • It quantifies the rate of change in the object’s rotational velocity due to external forces.
  • It represents the quantity of rotation, influencing the stability and direction of the object's spin. (correct)
  • It describes the translational movement of the object, disregarding any rotation.

In what way does the summation of forces contribute to maximizing physical output in movements?

  • By sequentially activating muscle groups to minimize energy expenditure during complex actions.
  • By isolating individual muscle contractions to ensure each movement is performed with maximum control and accuracy.
  • By prioritizing the activation of larger muscle groups to overpower resistance, regardless of movement precision.
  • By coordinating the timing and magnitude of multiple muscle actions to achieve optimal power and efficiency. (correct)

How do irregular bones, such as the vertebrae, contribute to body movement and stability?

  • By facilitating a wide range of motion in a single plane, similar to hinge joints.
  • By providing rigid levers for muscle attachment, enabling powerful and linear movements.
  • By acting as shock absorbers during high-impact activities, reducing stress on other skeletal structures.
  • By allowing complex movements while maintaining structural integrity and protecting the spinal cord. (correct)

How does the coordinated function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems contribute to maintaining homeostasis in the body?

<p>By working antagonistically to balance the body’s response to stressors and promote recovery, respectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most critical role of the skeletal system beyond providing structural support and facilitating movement?

<p>Manufacturing blood cells and protecting vital organs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what key aspect does the function of smooth muscle differ from that of skeletal muscle?

<p>Smooth muscle lacks striations and primarily operates involuntarily, unlike the striated and voluntarily-controlled skeletal muscle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In coordinating movement, how do the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) interact?

<p>The CNS processes sensory input and sends motor commands, while the PNS relays these signals and transmits sensory information back to the CNS. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the role of sesamoid bones, such as the patella, enhance joint function?

<p>By reducing friction, improving leverage, and protecting the joint. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the interplay between kinetic and potential energy, how is potential energy stored and subsequently converted into kinetic energy during movement?

<p>Potential energy is stored as elasticity in muscles and tendons and converted into kinetic energy during movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the specific structure of flat bones, such as the scapula, facilitate their multiple roles in the body?

<p>Their broad surface area allows for extensive muscle attachment and protection of underlying structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pivot joints, exemplified by the joint between the neck and forearm, primarily facilitate movement?

<p>By allowing rotational movements around a single axis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering adduction and abduction, how do these movements differ in relation to the body's midline?

<p>Adduction moves a limb towards the midline, while abduction moves it away from the midline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the role of the autonomic nervous system directly contribute to maintaining the body’s internal equilibrium?

<p>By overseeing digestion, heart rate, and other involuntary functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding the concept of impulse aid in optimizing athletic performance or preventing injuries?

<p>By maximizing the duration of force application to increase momentum transfer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of joint biomechanics, how do gliding joints facilitate movement, and where are they typically found?

<p>By permitting bones to slide past each other, commonly found in the wrist and ankle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comparing skeletal and cardiac muscle, what is a key difference in their functional control?

<p>Skeletal muscle operates exclusively voluntarily, while cardiac muscle functions involuntarily. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the five steps in movement execution, what is the role of external feedback in refining motor skills?

<p>It provides information post-movement to adjust future actions for improved accuracy and efficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the unique structural arrangement of skeletal muscle contribute to its function?

<p>The voluntary control allows for conscious modulation, while the presence of striations enables powerful, rapid contractions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hinge joints function to restrict or enable movement, using the elbow and knee as examples?

<p>They mainly prevent movement in multiple planes, allowing flexion and extension. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of short bones like the carpals and tarsals in the human body?

<p>They enable fine motor control and flexibility in the wrists and ankles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing plantar flexion to dorsiflexion, how do these movements affect the ankle joint?

<p>Plantar flexion points the foot and toes downwards, while dorsiflexion points them upwards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding reaction time influence performance in activities requiring quick responses?

<p>Enhancing reaction time shortens the interval between stimulus and response initiation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ball and socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip joints, achieve their wide range of motion?

<p>By providing a full range of movement in all directions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the parasympathetic nervous system support the body's recovery processes?

<p>By slowing heart rate, promoting digestion, and conserving energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the interplay between foot inversion and eversion contribute to maintaining balance and adapting to uneven surfaces?

<p>Inversion and eversion adjust the foot to match ground contours, distributing weight evenly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of long bones directly support their role in leverage and movement?

<p>Their elongated shape provides a long lever arm for muscles to act upon, enhancing force and speed of movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do axial muscles play in body movement?

<p>Supporting posture and stabilizing the spine and head. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for intense activity?

<p>Increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and releasing glucose for energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which distinguishes cardiac muscle from skeletal and smooth muscle?

<p>Involuntary and rhythmic contractions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During movement, how is stored potential energy converted into kinetic energy?

<p>By utilizing elasticity in tendons and muscles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the five steps in movement includes the processing of sensory information within the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Neural processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the anatomical arrangement of the appendicular muscles facilitate limb movements?

<p>By attaching to the bones of the appendicular skeleton, enabling limb movements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the structure and function of saddle joints, such as the one in the thumb, how is their unique movement capability best described?

<p>Saddle joints are designed for multi-axial movement, providing a wide range of motion in multiple planes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what key aspect does the arrangement of smooth muscle differ from that of skeletal muscle, influencing its function?

<p>Smooth muscle comprises individual cells that contract asynchronously to produce slow, sustained contractions, while skeletal muscle features highly aligned fibers for rapid, powerful contractions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the role of different bone types in the skeletal system, what would be the most significant consequence of a condition that severely impairs the function of sesamoid bones?

<p>Increased joint friction and reduced efficiency in movements involving the patella. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the parasympathetic nervous system's function is compromised, which physiological response would be most significantly impaired?

<p>The capacity to efficiently digest food and conserve energy after intense activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During complex physical actions like throwing a ball, how does the body effectively transfer potential energy into kinetic energy to maximize the ball's velocity upon release?

<p>By accumulating potential energy through muscle contractions and releasing it during joint action. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where an athlete is attempting to improve their reaction time, which aspect of the nervous system and movement execution would be most critical to focus on?

<p>Optimizing the speed of sensory input processing and PNS activation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person is standing and performs a movement where the soles of their feet are turned inward, what specific action has occurred?

<p>Foot Inversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Angular Momentum

Quantity of rotation of an object.

Momentum

Product of mass and velocity; determines motion persistence.

Impulse

Change in momentum caused by a force applied over time.

Kinetic Energy

Energy possessed by a moving object.

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Potential Energy

Stored energy based on position or state.

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Reaction Time

Time between stimulus and the start of a response.

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Summation of Forces

Combining multiple muscle movements for maximum output.

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Skeletal System

Provides body's structure, protects organs, produces blood cells, attachment for muscles, movement through joints.

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Long Bone

Leverage for movement. Includes femur and humerus.

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Short Bones

Fine motor control; carpals and tarsals.

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Flat Bones

Muscle attachment, protection; scapula plus sternum.

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Irregular Bones

Complex movements, stability; vertebrae plus pelvis.

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Sesamoid Bones

Reducing friction, improving leverage; includes the patella.

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Hinge Joints

Flexion and extension; elbow and knee.

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Ball and Socket Joints

Multi-directional movement; shoulder and hip.

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Pivot Joints

Rotational movement; neck and forearm.

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Gliding Joints

Sliding motion; wrist and ankle.

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Saddle Joints

Multi-axial movement; thumb.

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Muscular System

Generates force for movement, blood transport, and organ protection.

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Skeletal Muscle

Attached to bone, striated, voluntarily move.

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Smooth Muscle

Internal organs, digestion, involuntary.

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Cardiac Muscle

The heart; involuntary.

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Appendicular Muscles

attached to bones of the appendicular skeleton (arms and legs)

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Axial Muscles

Attached to the axial skeleton (middle part of body and head).

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Dorsal Flexion

Foot and toes point up (on heels).

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Plantar Flexion

Foot and toes point down (on front toes).

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Foot Inversion

Feet inward, outside ankle down.

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Foot Eversion

Feet outward, inside ankle down.

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Abduction

Move limbs away from the midline of the body.

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Adduction

Move limbs towards the midline of the body.

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Nervous System

Controls movement by sending electrical signals. Split into somatic and autonomic.

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Somatic Nervous System

Part of the nervous system that voluntarily responds to stimuli.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Involuntarily regulates internal body functions.

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Sympathetic

Prepares body for intense activity (fight or flight).

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Parasympathetic

Relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high energy functions "rest and digest".

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Divisions of the Nervous System

Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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5 Steps in Movement Execution

Sensory input, neural processing, muscle activation, joint action, and external feedback.

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Study Notes

  • Angular Momentum refers to the quantity of rotation of an object.
    • An example of this is a football spiral.
  • Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
    • It determines motion persistence.
  • Impulse represents the change in momentum caused by a force applied over time. Think of a defensive player tackling a running back.
  • Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by a moving object.
  • Potential Energy is stored energy based on position or state.
  • Reaction Time is the time between a stimulus and the initiation of a response.
  • Summation of Forces involves combining multiple muscle movements for maximum output.
  • Body systems are an important part of biomechanics.
  • The skeletal system provides the body's structure.
    • It protects vital organs.
    • It's involved in blood cell manufacturing.
    • It serves as attachment points for muscles, facilitating movement through joints.
  • Long bones provide leverage for movement.
    • Examples include the femur and humerus.
  • Short bones are used for fine motor control.
    • Examples include carpals and tarsals.
  • Flat bones are used for muscle attachment points and protection.
    • Examples include the scapula plus sternum.
  • Irregular bones are used for complex movements and stability.
    • Examples include the vertebrae plus pelvis.
  • Sesamoid bones are used for reducing friction and improving leverage.
    • An example includes the patella.
  • Hinge joints provide flexion and extension.
    • Examples include the elbow and knee.
  • Ball and socket joints provide multi-directional movement.
    • Examples include the shoulder and hip.
  • Pivot joints provide rotational movement.
    • Examples include the neck and forearm.
  • Gliding joints provide sliding motion.
    • Examples include the wrist and ankle.
  • Saddle joints provide multi-axial movement.
    • An example includes the thumb.
  • The muscular system generates force for movement, blood transport, and organ protection.
  • Skeletal muscle is attached to the bone, has striations, and moves voluntarily.
  • Smooth muscle is found in internal organs.
    • It controls digestion.
    • It lacks striations and is involuntary.
  • Cardiac muscle is the heart and is involuntary.
  • Appendicular muscles are attached to the bones of the appendicular skeleton, such as the arms and legs.
  • Axial muscles are attached to the axial skeleton (middle part of the body and head).
  • Dorsal flexion involves the foot and toes pointing up, like on the heels.
  • Plantar flexion involves the foot and toes pointing down, like on the front toes.
  • Foot inversion involves the feet turning inward, with the outside ankle down.
  • Foot eversion involves the feet turning outward, with the inside ankle down.
  • Abduction involves moving limbs away from the midline of the body.
  • Adduction involves moving limbs towards the midline of the body.
  • The nervous system controls movement by sending electrical signals to muscles and is split into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
  • The somatic nervous system voluntarily responds to stimuli.
  • The autonomic nervous system involuntarily regulates internal body functions.
  • The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for intense activity (fight or flight).
  • The parasympathetic nervous system relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high-energy functions ("rest and digest").
  • The divisions of the nervous system are the Central Nervous System (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord.
    • Also the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), including sensory and motor nerves.
  • There are 5 steps in movement execution:
    • It starts with sensory input to the CNS, neural processing, PNS, muscle activation, joint action, and external feedback.

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